tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91790503291684830432024-03-19T05:20:25.790-04:00CarbonaceaScientific blog focusing on geologic carbon (coal, sedimentary particulate organic matter, petroleum source rocks, utilization products, etc).MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.comBlogger53125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-92128448929289313672020-12-06T19:45:00.015-05:002023-12-27T17:04:49.876-05:00"Black Tears" of the USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor<p> On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attack on the US Navy base at Pearl Harbor, island of Oahu, Hawaii (plus Kaneohe Airbase, eastern shore, and the inland Wheeler Army Airfield near Schofield Barracks), resulted in the official entry of the United States into World War II. The event is annually commemorated in several US cities, most notably at the <i>USS Arizona</i> Memorial in Pearl Harbor. In 2016, with survivors of the attack at least in their 90’s, the Pearl Harbor events on the 75th anniversary may have been the last major gathering of military personnel present during the devastating raid. As of September 2019, only three survivors were still alive; according to CNN, <a href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/09/13/uss-arizona-survivor-dedicated-final-years-honoring-fallen-comrades.html" target="_blank">but only one of them attended 2019 ceremonies at the memorial</a>. However, one of those three <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/17/uss-arizona-survivors-donald-stratton-dies-colorado-springs-97/4783791002/" target="_blank">died in February 2020</a>. [<i>Update: as of April 2023, there is only one USS Arizona survivor, Lou Conter; a June 2023 interview with Conter is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjo0jD7GuQU" target="_blank">here</a>.</i>] This year (2020), the National Park Service and the Navy has <a href="https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2020/12/03/pearl-harbor-ceremony-marking-79th-anniversary-of-attack-closed-to-public-amid-virus/ " target="_blank">closed the ceremony</a> to the public, including Pearl Harbor survivors, due to the coronavirus. </p><p>Like the Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial in Washington, DC, the <i>Arizona</i> Memorial is enveloped in intense solemnity and a bubble of consensual and imposing silence, awe, and reverence, despite the surrounding boat traffic. “The wrecked Arizona” is <a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/usar/scrs/scrs6.htm" target="_blank">“a crystallized moment in time, its death wounds visible and still bleeding oil, the intact hull holding most of the crew.”</a> The leaking oil is estimated at <a href="https://www.history.com/news/5-facts-about-pearl-harbor-and-the-uss-arizona#:~:text=Fuel%20continues%20to%20leak%20from%20USS%20Arizona's%20wreckage.&text=However%2C%20despite%20the%20raging%20fire,into%20the%20harbor%20each%20day." target="_blank">2-9 quarts per day</a> . The major “oil release” points identified in the 1980’s are two hatches, but since then the estimate volume of oil leaked has increased as the number of identified and monitored leakage points has risen. Volume also varies with weather and tides. The oil has been called the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/06/AR2006120601916.html" target="_blank">ship’s blood</a> or the <a href="https://www.history.com/news/5-facts-about-pearl-harbor-and-the-uss-arizona " target="_blank">“black tears of the <i>Arizona</i>”</a>; legend says the leak will end when the last surviving <i>Arizona</i> crewmember dies.</p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHIUfZWoThFGA9pCmSGQ6kMQAqk0EcoMamaIt46vi89fk8bpDqW64GZQyuUXN8mGbNgD1e9O4D26W99-I2mnDF8Q-fguKtoZg58XpqglHgG8AybQw3mSt-xQawGWOascULUJY3mtUrxs79/s2000/0arizona-bennington.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1605" data-original-width="2000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHIUfZWoThFGA9pCmSGQ6kMQAqk0EcoMamaIt46vi89fk8bpDqW64GZQyuUXN8mGbNgD1e9O4D26W99-I2mnDF8Q-fguKtoZg58XpqglHgG8AybQw3mSt-xQawGWOascULUJY3mtUrxs79/s320/0arizona-bennington.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 1: Wreck of <i>USS Arizona</i>, showing oil sheen, before construction of the Memorial. <a href="http://www.uss-bennington.org/pics/phz-arizona-1.jpg" target="_blank">Taken on Memorial Day, 1958, as <i>USS Bennington</i></a> sails by with crew in formation spelling out sunken battleship’s name. (Photo attribution in hyperlink.)</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhznK_aniLItFqmUwXrUTZtXDv8R0ZoKVAkE8C3F1o8qcqb5sG4YaCZgDjBEpZ1rTUlOZzs1hnXZzkPhqhAMjK6y1jUfZC0aIA1Rt0gGD6YLmVXzUapplMQYq6y5kWvS9HJfO_KNA0SWqEU/s1024/1+Oahu+Satellite.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhznK_aniLItFqmUwXrUTZtXDv8R0ZoKVAkE8C3F1o8qcqb5sG4YaCZgDjBEpZ1rTUlOZzs1hnXZzkPhqhAMjK6y1jUfZC0aIA1Rt0gGD6YLmVXzUapplMQYq6y5kWvS9HJfO_KNA0SWqEU/s320/1+Oahu+Satellite.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 2: Oahu <a href="http://www.govisithawaii.com/2015/02/17/oahu-is-so-much-more-than-waikiki/" target="_blank">satellite image</a> of the island of Oahu. Pearl Harbor is the inlet on the south shore and southern end of NW-SE saddle valley between the remnant rims of two flanking, but <a href="https://www.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=6529 " target="_blank">collapsed, subaerial shield volcanoes. </a></span></span></div></b></span></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFZonJ-ZYtKFkprJLrzCalQeVdfl4YeiS2b9uIQJa5RMvr6-5grwy3fu-CgQnXn_b4SGxDWpbEoJSRdGZ0SjwpDQiauIMouRC_oY5xxwEe2fGOcaK2SR_J8sb3uOyzCERbhajzk5BnBLBO/s1901/2USS_Arizona_1950s.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1901" data-original-width="1531" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFZonJ-ZYtKFkprJLrzCalQeVdfl4YeiS2b9uIQJa5RMvr6-5grwy3fu-CgQnXn_b4SGxDWpbEoJSRdGZ0SjwpDQiauIMouRC_oY5xxwEe2fGOcaK2SR_J8sb3uOyzCERbhajzk5BnBLBO/s320/2USS_Arizona_1950s.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 3: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial#/media/File:USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_wreck_in_the_1950s.jpg " target="_blank"><i>USS Arizona</i> site in the 1950’s</a>, with flag that was raised and lowered daily. </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjACweWRLxOi1Fu_vb6ZXjkGbnFyW4MlAYkDtmORUV7G6qDvT984voKylybPfN6SmZd9e90Q2OVtZLCOxQS7i3-TyQBk58N1LVNeRWTjFjh9KWjAXSygz73fL4ygcZilAuo2zuHTsVD1Eq3/s960/3ArizonaMemorial_overhead.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjACweWRLxOi1Fu_vb6ZXjkGbnFyW4MlAYkDtmORUV7G6qDvT984voKylybPfN6SmZd9e90Q2OVtZLCOxQS7i3-TyQBk58N1LVNeRWTjFjh9KWjAXSygz73fL4ygcZilAuo2zuHTsVD1Eq3/w400-h225/3ArizonaMemorial_overhead.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 4: <i>USS Arizona</i> Memorial today, straddling the remains of the sunken battleship. The ship’s bow is on the left, beyond an apparent gap due to explosion of forward munitions magazines. (<a href="http://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/uss-arizona-team-to-present-findings-during-pearl-harbor-anniversary/" target="_blank">National Park Service photo</a>). The white-rimmed grassy pentagons are <a href="https://www.nps.gov/valr/getinvolved/partners-in-preservation.htm" target="_blank">mooring quays,</a> now labeled with the names of ships berthed there December 7, 1941. </span></b></div><p></p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial " target="_blank"><i>Arizona</i> Memorial</a>, as we know it today, was dedicated in 1962. The Memorial building sits over, but does not touch, the battleship <i>USS Arizona</i>, sunk in the Pearl Harbor attack, and the resting place of 1,102 of the 1,177 crew members killed, about half of all the fatalities from the raid. In the 1950’s, before the current memorial, a flag was raised and lowered at the site daily; to this day, personnel of passing US military ships “man the rails”, salute and honor the Memorial and sacrifice of those killed in the 1941 attack. The Memorial itself is on the National Register of Historic Places”. The wreck (ship) is a National Historic Landmark and an active military cemetery.</p><p>In addition to crewmembers entombed during the attack, 44 survivors of the attack have been interred on the <i>Arizona</i>. The information about internment and the list of those buried there are at <a href="https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/ussarizonainterments.htm" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/ussarizonainterments.htm</a> . There are links from some names to photos, articles or videos of the internments. In 2019, FC2c <a href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-best-reads/2019/12/07/uss-arizona-survivor-lauren-bruner-interred-pearl-harbor/4353350002/ " target="_blank">Lauren F. Bruner</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ko0QBUqs1BE" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ko0QBUqs1BE</a>) was the final crewmember interred on the <i>Arizona</i> since the remaining survivors have chosen to be buried elsewhere. A re-enactment of such a burial is also at the end of NCIS episode “<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11986722/?ref_=ttep_ep10 " target="_blank">The <i>Arizona</i></a>”, Season 17, episode 20, April 2020. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoZLNwA3cgVGOZDN1uybjrZCqEZROiej6to4Mpj2nuK4UZ6I8aPMcTrZk8QtRZgV4Fa79fdkOJi-fibI676gISzk6QtocuTSvjoWDZ8EQLS9Dz5P1Ulhcz1P8xGaG9ZVTIVoiyd55XrTek/s1498/5aUSAR+1915+Tucson.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1498" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoZLNwA3cgVGOZDN1uybjrZCqEZROiej6to4Mpj2nuK4UZ6I8aPMcTrZk8QtRZgV4Fa79fdkOJi-fibI676gISzk6QtocuTSvjoWDZ8EQLS9Dz5P1Ulhcz1P8xGaG9ZVTIVoiyd55XrTek/s320/5aUSAR+1915+Tucson.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 5: <a href="https://tucson.com/news/retrotucson/rarely-seen-photos-of-the-uss-arizona-sunk-dec-7-1941-in-pearl-harbor/collection_da38c166-ac2b-11e6-8ff3-674350ff0b87.html#4" target="_blank"><i>USS Arizona</i> at christening</a>, Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1915. </span></b></div><p><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-H1AYQC-X6YVcHYvpme_hfOrC1o2HKSpgO6HwmENuGS94HmLsdN0ivH3pYiNQekLLXfI_CtYBMp_rSwJe2kqqDOZrPy04p3UiqXQsaieIN8YzqgCGJvMXtd1MxAA2I23zrLnODvy7eMw6/s1110/5bArizona+NYC+1916.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="988" data-original-width="1110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-H1AYQC-X6YVcHYvpme_hfOrC1o2HKSpgO6HwmENuGS94HmLsdN0ivH3pYiNQekLLXfI_CtYBMp_rSwJe2kqqDOZrPy04p3UiqXQsaieIN8YzqgCGJvMXtd1MxAA2I23zrLnODvy7eMw6/s320/5bArizona+NYC+1916.png" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 6: <i>USS Arizona</i> in <a href="https://tucson.com/news/retrotucson/rarely-seen-photos-of-the-uss-arizona-sunk-dec-7-1941-in-pearl-harbor/collection_da38c166-ac2b-11e6-8ff3-674350ff0b87.html#4 " target="_blank">December 1916</a>, New York City. </span></b></span></b></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3-ubB83x9ix-e8Nc27_WY00Wr3ecHG3jb-q1YnBEvFTIiu6E3y9qIbm-Sm-L0iN13J-BstO-1SyANJkCJIwkb9dy9ZTGV63B4PRl9iht2lKAZdlVDRl9x7Hm9Yq7va0cRDqIjRc845usY/s2048/6USS_Arizona_after_1931_modernization_NARA_19-LC-19B-5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1593" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3-ubB83x9ix-e8Nc27_WY00Wr3ecHG3jb-q1YnBEvFTIiu6E3y9qIbm-Sm-L0iN13J-BstO-1SyANJkCJIwkb9dy9ZTGV63B4PRl9iht2lKAZdlVDRl9x7Hm9Yq7va0cRDqIjRc845usY/s320/6USS_Arizona_after_1931_modernization_NARA_19-LC-19B-5.jpg" /></a></span></b></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 7: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Arizona_after_1931_modernization_NARA_19-LC-19B-5.jpg " target="_blank">National Archive photo from 1931</a>, after modernization, showing “new tripod masts, surmounted by three-tiered fire-control directors”. </span></b></div></b><p></p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" target="_blank"><i>USS Arizona</i> (BB-39)</a> is a Pennsylvania-class battleship (“super-dreadnought”, decommissioned now) launched in 1915. At the time, it was the largest battleship built. It was 608 feet long with four triple-gun turrets. Exterior armor thickness in 1941 ranged from 8-13.5 inches (20-34 cm), bulkheads 8-13 inches. Deck armor was 4-8 inches (10-20 cm). A modernization in 1931 replaced, among other things, the original masts with “new tripod masts, surmounted by three-tiered fire-control directors”. A detailed structural description and timeline of the <i>Arizona</i>, as originally built plus subsequent upgrades, can be found in the 2012 maritime history and archaeology <a href="http://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstream/handle/10342/3841/Rissel_ecu_0600M_10669.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">Masters’ thesis by Valerie Rissel</a> at East Carolina University.</p><p>Rissel also explains the significance of <i>Arizona</i> as one of the first oil-fueled battleships in 1915, rather than being a traditional coal-burning vessel. Using fuel oil extended the time between refueling since, for the same volume of fuel, oil produces more units of energy (i.e. BTUs or joules) and requires less maintenance crew, therefore, cheaper overall. However, this limited the ship’s utility in World War I since many strategic European ports did not stock oil. </p><p>The <i>Arizona</i> used Bunker C (#6) fuel oil. As <a href="https://www.nuroil.com/fuel-oil.aspx" target="_blank">Nuroil</a> describes it: “Number 6 fuel oil is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 220–260 °F (104–127 °C). Residual means the material remaining after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off. The residue may contain various undesirable impurities including 2 percent water and one-half percent mineral soil.”</p><p>The <i>Arizona</i> was <a href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/life/az-narratives/2014/12/04/uss-arizona-pearl-harbor-history/19788563/ " target="_blank">assigned to the Pacific fleet in 1921</a> and <a href="https://www.hullnumber.com/BB-39" target="_blank">based out of Hawaii starting in 1940</a>. After a “night-firing exercise” with the <i>Nevada</i> and <i>Oklahoma</i> on December 4, the <i>Arizona</i> was moored in “Battleship Row” on the east side of Ford Island; on December 6, the repair ship <i>Vestal</i> arrived alongside, docked, and was tethered to the <i>Arizona </i>(Figure 8). <a href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Jan/02/ln/FP701020336.html" target="_blank">On the same day</a>, the battleship was refueled with a final supply of 1.2-1.5 million gallons of fuel oil (estimates vary). The oil was stored in 200 bunkers (tanks) on four decks. <a href="https://pearlharborwarbirds.com/seldom-asked-pearl-harbor-faqs/ " target="_blank">The Arizona also had on board aviation fuel plus powder for 14-inch guns</a>. </p><p>On Sunday, December 7, 1941, <a href="https://speccoll.library.arizona.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/uss-arizona/december-7" target="_blank">“Japanese aircraft appeared in the air over Pearl Harbor </a>just before 8:00 am . . .The color detail was on deck in anticipation of raising the flag at the stern at 8:00. The <i>Arizona </i>came under attack almost immediately, and at about 8:10 received a hit by an 800-kilogram bomb just forward of turret two on the starboard side” and about 40 feet from the bow. “Within a few seconds, the forward powder magazines exploded, gutting the forward part of the ship. The foremast and forward superstructure collapsed forward into the void created by the explosion and turrets one and two, deprived of support, dropped more than 20 feet relative to their normal position. The explosion ignited furious fires in the forward part of the ship. The majority of the crewmembers were either killed by the explosion and fire or were trapped by the rapid sinking of the ship.” The fires burned for 2 1/2 days. Description of the attack (4 minute video) with actual footage and borrowed clips from the movie "<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213149/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_3" target="_blank">Pearl Harbor</a>": <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6Ttfri8H6Q" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6Ttfri8H6Q</a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ1F43JMsx6dPa8to__BfEQy8GTgMlo-_HDKEGkX3-nCueQU7yMMdWnU0ey7sYJIwy2Rib9FQ3lgwzeBdxta2rP3InvD3wLgGdxSMJz-sY52rhtqgK2Ghkl2cyaXFF71tBL0TFMb9VgqK7/s1879/7Pearl_Harbor_Map_-_250dpi.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1879" data-original-width="1767" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ1F43JMsx6dPa8to__BfEQy8GTgMlo-_HDKEGkX3-nCueQU7yMMdWnU0ey7sYJIwy2Rib9FQ3lgwzeBdxta2rP3InvD3wLgGdxSMJz-sY52rhtqgK2Ghkl2cyaXFF71tBL0TFMb9VgqK7/s320/7Pearl_Harbor_Map_-_250dpi.gif" /></a></span></b></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 8: Pearl Harbor Ford Island map showing ship locations December 7, 1941 (<a href="http://www.delsjourney.com/uss_neosho/pearl_harbor/neosho_at_pearl_harbor.htm" target="_blank">http://www.delsjourney.com/uss_neosho/pearl_harbor/neosho_at_pearl_harbor.htm</a> - scroll down page for figures on general attack trajectories and US ship movement that day). <i>Vestal</i> was a repair ship that moored alongside the <i>Arizona </i>the day before (it is very visible in the Pearl Harbor attack sequence in 2019 <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6924650/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank">movie <i>Midway</i></a>). The <i>USS Neosho</i>, three moorings SW of <i>Arizona</i> and the world’s largest oil tanker in 1939, offloaded cargo of aviation fuel to onshore tanks on December 6.</span></b></div></b><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0w3JoTB62mkq1g-oc0OwmH2RU4tb6IgaA5sJ2sBbiwBrQZuz0RWUOYclBxYVD7TFWtospJsAsoZ18sTRof5xA2aA_ARgjRrR823e0pJLz99shm7wjS7dRcdM55oOG6y3HkZ_iNpJJJtc7/s1100/8FordIsland+attack+photo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="1100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0w3JoTB62mkq1g-oc0OwmH2RU4tb6IgaA5sJ2sBbiwBrQZuz0RWUOYclBxYVD7TFWtospJsAsoZ18sTRof5xA2aA_ARgjRrR823e0pJLz99shm7wjS7dRcdM55oOG6y3HkZ_iNpJJJtc7/s320/8FordIsland+attack+photo.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 9: Photo of Ford Island from the south from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack on December 7, 1941. Battleships on far side (southeast side) of Ford Island from left are <i>Nevada, Arizona</i> with <i>Vestal, Tennessee</i> with <i>West Virginia</i> outboard (rising explosive splash from torpedo hit). Complete caption at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#/media/File:Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg " target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#/media/File:Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg </a></span></b></div></b><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKu5XO6ilYNNtHACoQ86z-cDPpKP9Pe3Q2x4G7g0TQzLwu5UXKQLJr0K5TbiUWeNxgozIa_X9pmvL4B3SmYeZWp08P2s1KA9O1Bu_RPNtk_8xBu62HZo_Za14K2YCJFHCjlGzunOGc-o7/s2048/9USS_Arizona_%2528BB-39%2529_burning.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1620" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKu5XO6ilYNNtHACoQ86z-cDPpKP9Pe3Q2x4G7g0TQzLwu5UXKQLJr0K5TbiUWeNxgozIa_X9pmvL4B3SmYeZWp08P2s1KA9O1Bu_RPNtk_8xBu62HZo_Za14K2YCJFHCjlGzunOGc-o7/s320/9USS_Arizona_%2528BB-39%2529_burning.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 10: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29#/media/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" target="_blank"><i>Arizona</i> on fire after attack. </a></span></b></div></b><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHS3Z2kac2IX3t-5yEsXHMihiE_yd7HIW6n3XXsaeZQc13QL_OPp64R349qZAs8GGopKxo7vrIQLnTxJvQXgTI3K15LLq0E7jvqiNh9hyphenhyphenZhbnl36kZIq-cJWXIfo1xPI7LyC41_uY7x05F/s1200/10USAR+after-Tucson.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHS3Z2kac2IX3t-5yEsXHMihiE_yd7HIW6n3XXsaeZQc13QL_OPp64R349qZAs8GGopKxo7vrIQLnTxJvQXgTI3K15LLq0E7jvqiNh9hyphenhyphenZhbnl36kZIq-cJWXIfo1xPI7LyC41_uY7x05F/s320/10USAR+after-Tucson.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 11: <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/wars-and-events/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor-raid/battleship-row-during-the-pearl-harbor-attack/uss-arizona-during-the-pearl-harbor-attack.html " target="_blank">Wreck of <i>USS Arizona</i></a>, three days after attack on Pearl Harbor. </span></b></div></b><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSL_G3Vwfli-MguPIAuE9a20dODl_e3BRESamkjHzQoYVEBL-TiBoyA8Hu8fw7wnOAp35J3Ec6d5Laqya__IBqnv7ERIXPOz1blMd22c7zpgpZbQwy9xpTPTKznwWmDh9VmpShWVJhZEit/s600/11Salvage43.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSL_G3Vwfli-MguPIAuE9a20dODl_e3BRESamkjHzQoYVEBL-TiBoyA8Hu8fw7wnOAp35J3Ec6d5Laqya__IBqnv7ERIXPOz1blMd22c7zpgpZbQwy9xpTPTKznwWmDh9VmpShWVJhZEit/s320/11Salvage43.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 12: <a href="https://tucson.com/news/retrotucson/rarely-seen-photos-of-the-uss-arizona-sunk-dec-7-1941-in-pearl-harbor/collection_da38c166-ac2b-11e6-8ff3-674350ff0b87.html " target="_blank">Salvage of the Arizona, 1943. </a></b></div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">The </span><i style="text-align: left;">Arizona</i><span style="text-align: left;"> settled nearly upright. It is currently partially buried in about 25 feet (8 m) of harbor sediment (Rissel, p. 34) in ca. 38 feet (12 m) of water. The draft of the </span><i style="text-align: left;">Arizona</i><span style="text-align: left;"> was just under 29 feet (Rissel), so the water/sediment line now is about at the ship’s original waterline. The overhead view of the Memorial and wreck (Figure 3) shows the visible bow is separated by a gap from the rest of the ship, the gap being the location of the collapsed and exploded forward magazines. The stern of the ship sits on </span><a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5096/pdf/sir2013-5096_text.pdf" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">soft clay while the bow is underlain by stiff clay with coral debris</a><span style="text-align: left;">. “The sunken vessel provides substrate for many encrusting filter-feeding organisms such as sponges, bryozoans, annelid worms, mollusks, and tunicates as well as filamentous diatoms, and green and red algae. These organisms (both live and dead) comprise over 99% of the cover of all vertical surface area (Henderson, 1986", cited in </span><a href="https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/575315" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Daniel, 2006</a><span style="text-align: left;">, below). </span></p><p>It is estimated that 1/3 of the fuel on board the <i>Arizona</i> burned in the fires, 1/3 was released uncombusted into the harbor, and 1/3 (500,000-600,000 gallons, 11,900-14,300 barrels or ~2 million liters) remained on board. As mentioned earlier, the estimates of current leakage rate range from 2-9 quarts per day (1.9-8.5 liters): at a high average rate of 7 qts/day, I calculated about 50,000 gals (~1200 barrels; 190,000 liters) would have leaked, post attack, since 1941. Compared to the general range of estimated remaining oil, my calculated loss is relatively insignificant and doesn’t really diminish the estimated onboard load.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtXX5EeTeGJBNB2MExuoy2VkOmvhMAEcJ5z9ivTJK8R67Jz6BIZfvTZjFW8FqyV-6osM2BxEZrLAws9bJ_bV71Z89kbXHAh9POm6U1ePQG4G3vErlSgthp8NkvJW34AeodfhIBx-Xt4V_p/s1256/12a+oil-paris.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="1256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtXX5EeTeGJBNB2MExuoy2VkOmvhMAEcJ5z9ivTJK8R67Jz6BIZfvTZjFW8FqyV-6osM2BxEZrLAws9bJ_bV71Z89kbXHAh9POm6U1ePQG4G3vErlSgthp8NkvJW34AeodfhIBx-Xt4V_p/s320/12a+oil-paris.png" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3UqfTUnRoy24e8DnA6owf8Lc4QJilfOE5QH6RCJEicg570WKaIbKXcD-1mS6hgKNhnvz3R6rR6NEQUvakYPESyKkl7DUPu0ukvM3xAgFhSi6aZZBVooM89KT2sVVzLk4GYiSmj1Zxafj-/s1134/12b+oil-biz.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3UqfTUnRoy24e8DnA6owf8Lc4QJilfOE5QH6RCJEicg570WKaIbKXcD-1mS6hgKNhnvz3R6rR6NEQUvakYPESyKkl7DUPu0ukvM3xAgFhSi6aZZBVooM89KT2sVVzLk4GYiSmj1Zxafj-/s320/12b+oil-biz.png" width="320" /></a></div></span></b><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 13: Oil leaking from the ship flows with changing currents: <a href="https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/12/07/eternity-remembering-pearl-harbor/ " target="_blank">top photo</a>- flowing northeast from barbette 3; <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2020/06/09/navy-awards-9m-contract-for-pearl-harbor-work.html " target="_blank">bottom photo</a>- oil plume/sheen heading southwest. </span></b><p></p><p>The large amount of oil remaining on the <i>Arizona</i>, coupled with the corrosion of the wreck, has raised <a href="https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Pearl-Harbor-oil-leak-is-precious-to-some-but-a-2649567.php" target="_blank">concerns about a sudden catastrophic release of oil</a>. The <i>Arizona</i> National Historic Landmark is cooperatively administered by the National Park Service and the Navy. An initial 1983-84 study (Lenihan, 1990, citation and link below; <a href="https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/master.html?https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1991_11_pick.html" target="_blank">1991 blog post</a> by Lenihan describing diving on the <i>Arizona</i>) was the first undertaken to determine exactly what was still present and the condition of the ship. Most of the superstructure and armaments were removed during <a href="https://pearlharborwarbirds.com/seldom-asked-pearl-harbor-faqs/" target="_blank">salvage through 1943</a>, but the Lenihan study discovered that the No. 1 turret 14-inch guns were still in place, in addition to a number of live shells, which were removed. Although helmeted, tethered <a href="https://www.scribd.com/book/362570902/Descent-into-Darkness-Pearl-Harbor-1941-A-Navy-Diver-s-Memoir" target="_blank">divers were used to salvage </a>materials from inside the ship in the immediate aftermath of the attack, currently neither human divers nor remote robot investigations cannot, or do not, venture many places inside the ship due to both concern about wreck integrity and out of respect for the dead entombed there. Rissel’s Master’s thesis (2012, link below) summarizes the contrasting issues of environmental protection and resting-place respect.</p><p>“Many scientists have addressed the problems of metal corrosion but rarely with the variables encountered at Pearl Harbor: an immense steel object with water on both sides of the plates, existing in an environment rich in biological organisms and full of stray currents from many possible sources. The water was presumably aerobic on the hull's exterior but the oxygen content of water in the interior was unknown” (Lenihan, p. 9). The goals of that study were collecting data and describing the environmental conditions of the wreck site, and, probably the most important contribution, a description and drawings of the wreck below the water. </p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-j02O_-zqMnaYwe-9qQ1I-uNtQa3s09nyPpblp_x9CkwKKW-h-gd8SFOD7lACGJI9GbU24Vd58ORtwnrs1u6SdOTH-P3KFI4guw6GfN5nR7DdjfVOWoLEggZWjII1Cj0T_cqHV8UtVAb/s1200/13b-Crossection84.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-j02O_-zqMnaYwe-9qQ1I-uNtQa3s09nyPpblp_x9CkwKKW-h-gd8SFOD7lACGJI9GbU24Vd58ORtwnrs1u6SdOTH-P3KFI4guw6GfN5nR7DdjfVOWoLEggZWjII1Cj0T_cqHV8UtVAb/s320/13b-Crossection84.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge6w0DCwXIlKFk1bUsT1OjntUU-I8zTekfoxWsubvfRhFYEys-2wKN8XENsdvobith_fyXOzd6Ytxnq3nitWEEYYy02UFTyxTxFlNF9rP_rJezwzDYW0SBzjsd7w9A1mFZlxgoX1eX5j62/s1200/13a-drawing86-Tucson.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="926" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge6w0DCwXIlKFk1bUsT1OjntUU-I8zTekfoxWsubvfRhFYEys-2wKN8XENsdvobith_fyXOzd6Ytxnq3nitWEEYYy02UFTyxTxFlNF9rP_rJezwzDYW0SBzjsd7w9A1mFZlxgoX1eX5j62/s320/13a-drawing86-Tucson.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 14: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.hi0096.sheet/?sp=4" target="_blank">Outboard profiles</a> and <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.hi0096.sheet/?sp=3" target="_blank">plan view</a> drawings of the <i>Arizona </i>initially done in 1984. (Library of Congress)</span></b></div></span></b><p></p><p>Building on this initial documentation, since 1998, investigations of the <i>USS Arizona</i> Preservation Project have focused on the structural integrity (metal degradation) of the <i>Arizona</i> and the contained oil. The onsite studies have value not just for understanding degradation of that ship but of how other liquid-fuel-bearing wrecks in US waters may also corrode. A list of several studies by year are included at the end of this post. These include those by scientists and engineers from the National Park Service’s (NPS) Submerged Resources Center; National Institute of Standards and Technology; University of Nebraska; the Rissel thesis; a study of the organic geochemistry of and microbes digesting the leaked oil (Graham, 2003). US Geological Survey studies include instrumentation installed to measure water currents around the wreck, and <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5096/pdf/sir2013-5096_text.pdf" target="_blank">investigation of sediment type</a> on which the wreck sits and resultant settling rate. Oil studies at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and by US Coast Guard cadets are ongoing.</p><p>From metal corrosion studies, estimates of time until hull collapse and possible catastrophic release of oil have ranged from <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/06/AR2006120601916_2.html" target="_blank">10-20 years</a> (Foecke et al., 2010, citation below) to <a href="https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/uss-arizona-team-to-present-findings-during-pearl-harbor-anniversary/" target="_blank">150-200 years</a> (Johnson et al., 2018). The National Park Service currently estimates <a href="https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/cadets-study-the-tears-of-the-arizona" target="_blank">100-150 years</a>. Organic geochemistry of oil from the <i>Arizona</i> indicates that some leaked oil is degraded suggesting it had leaked from its original storage bunker and pooled somewhere else in the ship before release to the harbor (Graham in Murphy, 2008, p. 371-372). </p><p>In contrast, it is interesting to note that a study of the deterioration of coal from the <i>Titanic</i> (sank April 1912) showed it had little chemical alteration and, therefore, <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2015/04/steady-roar-thundered-across-water-as.html" target="_blank">minimal environmental impact due to interaction with the seawater</a>, compared to widespread environmental damage effects of oil spills. However, in limited surface and stream drainages, the weathering of coal, specifically of iron sulfides like pyrite in the coal, can produce damaging acid mine drainage.</p><p>A two-and-a-half minute underwater video tour of <i>Arizona</i> by National Geographic can be found at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zVV7AX-lfQ" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zVV7AX-lfQ</a> .</p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>*Selected articles and reports on <i>USS Arizona</i> metal corrosion, wreck environment, and contained oil, in chronological order:</b></p><p>1990: Lenihan, Daniel (editor), Submerged Cultural Resources Study: <i>USS Arizona</i> Memorial and Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark: Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, National Park Service, Submerged Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers No. 23 (First edition, 1989; second edition, 1990). Link to complete Table of Contents, with chapter links, at <a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/usar/scrs/scrst.htm" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/usar/scrs/scrst.htm</a>; links to scanned pdfs of original report <a href="https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1635/upload/USAR_017_D6A_-34619.pdf " target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1635/upload/USAR_017_D6A_-34619.pdf </a>and <a href="https://ia800606.us.archive.org/4/items/submergedcultura01ussa/submergedcultura01ussa.pdf" target="_blank">https://ia800606.us.archive.org/4/items/submergedcultura01ussa/submergedcultura01ussa.pdf</a> .</p><p>1991 Lenihan, Daniel: The <i>Arizona </i>revisited: Divers explore the legacy of Pearl Harbor. <a href="https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/master.html?https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1991_11_pick.html">https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/master.html?https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1991_11_pick.html</a></p><p>2003 Russell, M.A., and Murphy, L.E., Long-Term Management Strategies for the <i>USS Arizona</i>: A Submerged Cultural Resource in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: National Park Service, Submerged Resources Center and <i>USS Arizona</i> Memorial Legacy Resources Management Fund Project No. 03-170, 2003 Annual Report Technical Report 15, 21 pages. <a href="https://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/archives/archaeology/archaeology-underwater-archaeology-archives/2003-report/27_USS%20Arizona%20Memorial%20-%202003%20Annual%20Report%20(PDF),%20Report%20(Legacy%2003-170).PDF" target="_blank">https://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/archives/archaeology/archaeology-underwater-archaeology-archives/2003-report/27_USS%20Arizona%20Memorial%20-%202003%20Annual%20Report%20(PDF),%20Report%20(Legacy%2003-170).PDF</a> The report summarizes the methods of various investigative projects and goals, most results of which are in subsequent publications listed below. </p><p>2003 Graham, Amanda, The <i>USS Arizona</i> and Bunker C Fuel Oil: An Environmental Study, Master’s thesis, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC). A 91-page report by Graham (the entire thesis?) is included in the 2008 report below, p. 295-386. </p><p>2006 Daniel, R., Appendix A: <i>USS Arizona</i> Memorial resource overview. In: HaySmith, L., F. L. Klasner, S. H. Stephens, and G. H. Dicus. Pacific Island Network vital signs monitoring plan. Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2006/003 National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. <a href="https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/575315 " target="_blank">https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/575315 </a></p><p>2006 Russell, M.A., Conlin, D. L., Murphy, L.E., Johnson, D.L., Wilson, B.M., Carr, J.D., A minimum-impact method for measuring corrosion rate of steel-hulled shipwrecks in seawater: The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, v. 35, p. 310-318. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188135446.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188135446.pdf</a> Nice photos of metal disk samples of Arizona hull; cross-section of ship and plan views of wreck.</p><p>2006 Johnson, D.L., Wilson, B.M., Carr, J.D., Russell, M.A., Murphy, L.E., Conlin, D. L., Corrosion of steel shipwreck in the marine environment: <i>USS Arizona</i>: Materials Selection and Design. Part I- October 2006, p. 40-44 (<a href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemfacpub/192/" target="_blank">https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemfacpub/192/</a> ); Part II- November 2006, p. 54-57 (<a href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemfacpub/191/" target="_blank">https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemfacpub/191/</a> ).</p><p>2008 Murphy, L.E., and Russell, M.A., Long-term management strategies for <i>USS Arizona</i>, a submerged cultural resource in Pearl Harbor: National Park Service Submerged Resources Center Technical Report Number 27, 513 pages. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/underwater-archaeology/PDF/UA_ManagementUSS Arizona.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/underwater-archaeology/PDF/UA_ManagementUSS Arizona.pdf</a></p><p>2009 McNamara, C.J., Lee, K.B., Russell, M.A., Murphy, L.E., Mitchell, R., Analysis of bacterial community composition in concretions formed on the <i>USS Arizona</i>, Pearl Harbor, HI: Journal of Cultural Heritage, v. 10, p. 232-236. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.07.010" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2008.07.010</a></p><p>2010 Foecke, T., Ma, L., Russell, M.A.., Conlin, D.L. Murphy, L.E., Investigating archaeological site formation processes on the battleship <i>USS Arizona</i> using finite element analysis: Journal of Archeological Science, v. 37, p. 1090-1101. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.009" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.009</a></p><p>2012: Rissel, Valerie, The Weeping Monument: A pre and post depositional site formation study of the <i>USS Arizona</i>: Master’s Thesis, East Carolina University, 127 pages. <a href="http://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstream/handle/10342/3841/Rissel_ecu_0600M_10669.pdf?sequence=1 " target="_blank">http://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstream/handle/10342/3841/Rissel_ecu_0600M_10669.pdf?sequence=1 </a> or <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e7b1/dd8d6ca6ba7146d5ea61b9ecff9d05ed86a8.pdf " target="_blank">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e7b1/dd8d6ca6ba7146d5ea61b9ecff9d05ed86a8.pdf </a></p><p>2013: Carkin, B.A., and Kayen, R.E., Settlement of the <i>USS Arizona</i>, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5096, 154 pages. <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5096/pdf/sir2013-5096_text.pdf" target="_blank">https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5096/pdf/sir2013-5096_text.pdf</a></p><p>2018 Johnson, D.L., DeAngelis, R.J., Medlin, D.J., Johnson, J.E., Carr, J.D., and Conlin, D.L., The secant rate of corrosion: correlating observations of the <i>USS Arizona</i> submerged in Pearl Harbor: The Journal of The Mineral, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), vol. 70, p. 747-752. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323531809_The_Secant_Rate_of_Corrosion_Correlating_Observations_of_the_USS_Arizona_Submerged_in_Pearl_Harbor/link/5b5f3d160f7e9bc79a6f4712/download " target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323531809_The_Secant_Rate_of_Corrosion_Correlating_Observations_of_the_USS_Arizona_Submerged_in_Pearl_Harbor/link/5b5f3d160f7e9bc79a6f4712/download </a></p>2018 Reddy, Chris, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Photo essay by Evan Lubofsky: Investigating oil from the <i>USS Arizona</i>. <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/investigating-oil-from-the-uss-arizona/ " target="_blank">https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/investigating-oil-from-the-uss-arizona/ </a><p></p><p>2018 US Coast Guard, Cadets study the Tears of the <i>Arizona</i>: The Maritime Executive, (9-21-2018); <a href="https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/cadets-study-the-tears-of-the-arizona" target="_blank">https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/cadets-study-the-tears-of-the-arizona</a> </p><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br />MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-12394240831259543012020-05-03T17:38:00.001-04:002020-05-03T17:42:20.587-04:00Text of AAPG climate statement-May 2020In the May 2020 AAPG (American Association of Petroleum Geologists) <i>Explorer</i> (monthly association news publication), the Association published a climate change position statement approved by its Executive Committee. There has been some discussion today on Twitter about this, based on an early May YouTube interview with current AAPG President, Michael Party (the interviewer did not identify the whole name and AAPG connection of the interviewee; just called him "Mike"). The entire statement seems not to be fully available online right now unless one is an AAPG member. Truthfully, this statement says it supports sustainability and environmental responsibility in energy production and usage, "reducing humanity's carbon footprint", without specifically endorsing conclusions of the IPCC or the Paris Agreement. The statement encourages members to read available climate change research themselves. Therefore, this statement is, to me, rather wishy-washy, trying to walk a fine line with a membership that has a wide range of political leanings and geological occupations (industry and academia). The Climate Statement is based on a survey sent to all members in all member categories last fall. Here is the whole statement:<br />
<br />
<div class="subtitle col-sm-12">
</div>
<div class="byline col-sm-12">
"May 2020 <a href="https://explorer.aapg.org/author/id/0" target="_blank"></a></div>
<br />
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class=" article ">
In July 2019, when the current
AAPG Executive Committee took office, they inherited one piece of
outstanding business: review the AAPG Climate Statement that had been
approved by the previous EC, but also tabled for approval by the
incoming EC.<br />
Over the last seven months, and long before the two black swan events
that are wreaking havoc on our industry and our Association, the EC
engaged many of the Association’s stakeholders, including the divisions,
the Advisory Council, the Corporate Advisory Board and, by way of a
survey, our members.<br />
With their feedback and comments the EC decided that:
<br />
<ol>
<li> AAPG should have a statement on climate change.</li>
<li> That statement needs to reflect the Association’s mission and
the values of our members – a considerable challenge given the highly
political nature of the climate change debate.
</li>
</ol>
<br />
Thus, the EC believes this statement, approved unanimously by the
current EC, not only accomplishes those two objectives, but most closely
reflects the considerable feedback we have received from our members
and leadership over the past year. <br />
<hr />
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists has a long history
as a proactive organization focused on advancing the science of geology,
especially as it relates to petroleum, natural gas, other subsurface
fluids and mineral resources. AAPG continues to promote and encourage
its members to employ their surface and subsurface geologic skills and
knowledge to exploring for, finding and producing these materials in an
efficient, economic and environmentally sustainable manner while
minimizing their impact on the world’s climate. AAPG believes in the
principles of conservation, efficiency and sustainability regarding the
use of all energy resources. In support of these objectives, the Energy
Mineral Division was created in 1977 as an international forum for
energy sources other than conventional oil and gas, and the Division of Environmental Geosciences
in 1992 to promote environmental stewardship within the industry and to
support and encourage research into the effects of petroleum\energy
minerals exploration and production on the environment.<br />
Our members share the concerns of the public, non-governmental
organizations and governments about environmental issues, including
climate change and energy sustainability. As earth scientists our
members have a unique perspective and understanding of climate change
throughout the geologic history of Earth and how climate has varied
through time. The current world population of 7.8 billion people puts an
enormous strain on the Earth’s resources that requires, in addition to
hydrocarbon resources, the economic development of alternative and
renewable energy sources. The AAPG encourages its members, through their
own research, to continue to develop their own understanding of climate
science and policies that are outside the core competencies of the
organization and to work on improving the human condition while reducing
energy’s environmental impacts.<br />
The AAPG accepts the immense challenges of the energy transition and
will continue to support the important role that AAPG scientists play in
improving the human condition, while minimizing environmental impacts
of all forms of energy.
<br />
<ul>
<li> We understand the growing need for energy and petrochemical
feed stocks throughout the world, and the fact that renewable energy and
emerging technologies will not meet these needs over the next several
decades.</li>
<li> We accept the immense challenges of both meeting the current
and near-term energy demands as well as future energy needs and will
continue to support the role AAPG members play in delivering responsible
and sustainable energy to the world.</li>
<li> We look to enhance the future by supporting AAPG members as
they apply their surface and subsurface geological skills and their
talents in areas such as carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS),
geothermal energy development and critical minerals extraction, and to
use creativity and innovation in the responsible and sustainable
development of hydrocarbons, with the goal of reducing humanity’s carbon
footprint."</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-79376074934130703202020-01-12T15:33:00.000-05:002020-02-28T22:02:41.217-05:00Geosciences Congressional Visits Day (Geo-CVD): Citizen scientists on Capitol Hill – UPDATE 2020<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
<o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="382">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">This post is an update to my <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2015/11/geosciences-congressional-visits-day.html" target="_blank">Congressional Visits Day</a> post </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">of 2015. Much of the text is the same, but
references to legislation specific to 2015 have been removed, links have been
updated, and a few new insights have been added.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg97mam6rDOgwwP5QlPVNuRtMrxcqN5C_rO5kUeFjS6UPuv-qtMVCCp-B3hFnrcWVKbREMeqlFiiyxX_T6iKCI5tjzXpxhc2FXsgxNr7tbYx70QZpFsoGx2133SWEj4ZGPEydX2G4Ek2M1e/s1600/IMG_7662.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg97mam6rDOgwwP5QlPVNuRtMrxcqN5C_rO5kUeFjS6UPuv-qtMVCCp-B3hFnrcWVKbREMeqlFiiyxX_T6iKCI5tjzXpxhc2FXsgxNr7tbYx70QZpFsoGx2133SWEj4ZGPEydX2G4Ek2M1e/s320/IMG_7662.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The US Capitol, January 20, 2017, the night before the first Women's March.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In almost every September since 2011, I have
attended the annual Geosciences Congressional Visits Day (Geo-CVD; </span><a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/cvd/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/sciencepolicy\.agu\.org\/cvd\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/cvd/</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; <a href="http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/gvd/GSA/Policy/CVD/home.aspx">http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/gvd/GSA/Policy/CVD/home.aspx</a>
) in Washington, DC. The purpose of Geo-CVD, begun in 2008, is to bring
scientists to Capitol Hill to emphasize to members of the US Congress, both in
the Senate and the House of Representatives, the importance of federal science
funding, specifically in the earth and space sciences. The US federal budget supports
basic geoscience programs and research directly in the work of various federal
departments and agencies (including but not limited to USGS, NASA, NOAA, NIST,
DOE) and in research grant programs to academia (the National Science
Foundation: </span><a href="http://nsf.gov/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NSF</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The participating geoscience societies include
several </span><a href="http://www.americangeosciences.org/member-societies" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">member societies</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the American
Geoscience Institute (AGI) plus the American Meteorological Society (AMS).
Societies will post announcements for Geo-CVD on their website, Twitter, or sometimes by
e-mail. Geo-CVD is two days every September. An afternoon workshop is on Day
One; on Day Two are the constituent scientist visits to offices of Representatives,
Senators and staff of various committees. The workshop includes an overview of
the legislative process including budget and appropriations, overview of
science funding and specific legislation of interest to the geoscience
community, the Message and “Ask” for the visits, and the opportunity to meet
one’s constituent scientist team for the visits. Workshop speakers include
professional society policy staff, and current and past <a href="https://www.aaas.org/programs/science-technology-policy-fellowships/legislative-branch-fellowship" target="_blank">Congressional Science Fellows</a> who give their advice, from the legislative staff perspective, on a successful
and productive constituent visit.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some societies also offer a pre-CVD webinar for
participants. Besides background on legislative processes and what to expect of
the event, the webinar offers practical tips on what to bring for the visit.
Business attire is strongly recommended, which means, obviously, jacket and tie
for men, even though DC in September can still be steamy and warm. I smiled in
agreement as I read Ryan Haupt's </span><a href="http://thebridge.agu.org/2015/11/02/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geo-CVD blog post</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> description of the
sweaty humidity on our visits day in 2015: it was spot on. My Pennsylvania (PA)
delegation was also sweated through that year, but suit jackets nicely hide the
evidence. Women's business attire can be a suit with skirt or dress slacks, a
dress, or blouse with skirt or trousers: channel the style of newswomen or
commentators on Sunday morning news shows, debate wear of female presidential
candidates, or, to echo Ryan's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0200276/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank">West Wing</a></i> reference, fictional press secretary CJ Cregg. The perennial recommendation to
wear comfortable shoes is no joke: "Did you know that the city planners,
when they sat down to design Washington, D.C., their intention was to build a
city that would intimidate and humble foreign heads of state?" said
fictional President Andrew Shepherd in </span><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112346/?ref_=nv_sr_3" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The American President</span></i></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The size and spacing of the Capitol and flanking Senate and
House office buildings is formidable, and, while meeting schedulers try avoid
multiple crossings of Capitol Hill in their appointment flow, it sometimes
can't be avoided. (Some women wear really comfortable footwear between
buildings and change into stiffer stylish business shoes before entering.)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One “must-bring” is business cards. They are the
currency of meetings, many times the first thing exchanged just after formal
greetings. I have noticed that a few Congressional staff members line the cards
up in front of him/her on the conference table to keep our names front and
center during our conversation. I have kept all the cards of staff members met
during all past Congressional Visits Days attended. While there is a lot of
turnover among Hill staff (the average age is 26), sometimes one will see the
same staff members year-to-year. For example, in 2015, the legislative aide we
met in a western Pennsylvania representative's office, was, as I knew from my
card collection, a former aide for PA Senator Patrick Toomey that spoke with our
PA Geo-CVD delegation the previous two years. Pointing out our previous
meetings was an icebreaker, and his familiarity with Geo-CVD was appreciated.
In both 2013 and 2014, we met with Senator Casey's Legislative Chief of Staff:
in 2014, he said something like "good to see you again, MaryAnn"
without taking my card first. Whether he actually remembered me (probably not),
or just checked his last year's notes and business cards right before the meeting,
I was flattered and impressed.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another recommended "leave-behind" is
a one-page summary of one's own research or work, how it is impacted by federal
science programs, how it may be important to one's Congressional
district/state, what kind of expertise one may offer to the office, and your contact information. It should be understandable to non-scientists. For
several years, I used the Pennsylvania state geologic map postcards from the
<a href="https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/about/Pages/Geological-Survey.aspx" target="_blank">Pennsylvania Geological Survey</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, gluing to the back a very brief typed synopsis
of my contact information, area of specialization, and past research. (One
year, a staff member said my previous year’s map card was on a bulletin board:
even if my information was hidden, geology of Pennsylvania was front and
center.) In 2015, I printed out the one-page
</span><a href="http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_016203.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pennsylvania Coal Distribution Map</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> since most offices visited were in traditional PA coal mining
areas and then printed my information on the backside; I had more space to list
what agencies had funded or supported my graduate school, postdoc, and other
research. Our Pennsylvania group also visited the office of a West Virginia
Senator (one of our group was a West Virginia University alumnus and had done
consulting work in WV) so for that office I put my information on the back of a
</span><a href="http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/maps/MAP_WV2_GeneralizedGeologicMapCoalFieldsWVpagesize.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WV coal distribution map</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Dr. Matt Kohn of Boise State University describes in detail his development of a leave-behind for a non-CVD visit to his members of Congress in an <a href="https://thebridge.agu.org/2017/08/23/district-days-series-future-science-america/" target="_blank">August 2017 post of AGU's blog, <i>The Bridge</i></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As mentioned above, the afternoon pre-visit workshop
importantly outlines the unifying Message of the visits. Quoted below from our 2015
workshop material, this has been a perennial general ask:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Strong and sustained federal investments in geoscience will:</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Support resilient
communities</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Strengthen our global
and economic competitiveness</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Enhance national
security</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Sustain a highly skilled
workforce</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and from that "The Ask":</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Support strong federal investments in geoscience research and
education”. </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The “Ask” is the essential general component of
a Congressional visit. I have unfortunately heard a few CVD participants claim
they did not like or would not do the “Ask” because they think it is boring, not
relevant, and would rather talk about issues, like climate change, or just
offer themselves as information sources. I personally think this is missing the
point of the visits: no matter what one’s issue of interest, most
science-related legislation, to achieve desired goals, requires budgeted and
appropriated funds for program implementation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Each year in the pre-visit workshop, specific
legislation of concern is also outlined. These are usually bills that have only
passed one house or have not come out of committee and need a bit of advocacy
to encourage action. CVD participants are also encouraged to research the
Committees, caucuses and interests of the Senators and Representatives to be
visited. This background knowledge allows one to be flexible and spontaneous
depending on the flow of the conversation during a Congressional office visit.
In a non-CVD visit in spring 2019 to a conservative Senator’s office, the level
of enthusiasm of the staffer we met with seemed to be very low; she was taking
few notes. The Senator was not on any science-related committees, but was on
the Foreign Relations committee. The staffer’s interest, and notetaking,
noticeably improved when I pointed out the national security role of nuclear test
monitoring by DOE’s Los Alamos National Lab with NATO partners which were able
to detect and locate 2017 North Korean subterranean bomb tests, within minutes
of detonation.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part of the reason for a
decrease in geoscience funding during parts of the last several years was, as
John Holdren, director of the Obama White House Office of Science and
Technology Policy (OSTP), said during a </span><a href="https://geosociety.wordpress.com/2015/11/11/white-house-senior-science-advisor-tells-room-full-of-geologists-that-they-rock/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">special lecture at the 2015 GSA annual meeting</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in Baltimore, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Appropriation bills to date reflect
the apparent view of some in Congress that support for Earth observations and
geosciences equates to support for” only “climate change policies.” <span style="color: black;">Therefore, another objective of Geo-CVD is to emphasize the
range of fields and job opportunities under the umbrella of geoscience, and how
geoscientists contribute to communities. I have found flooding, earthquakes,
and other hazards, and water issues in general are topics of interest to many
constituencies.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the visits, scientists are organized in
teams representing one or two states, depending on how many from each state
attend. For the eight Geo-CVD plus three other Congressional Visits events I
have attended to this date, the number of other PA attendees has varied from
zero to three, and the participants, besides me, have been different all but
one time. The afternoon workshop allows team members to meet each other and
their policy staff chaperone, get to know each other’s specialties, plan who
will be the lead speaker in each office, and practice or discuss what each
person might say or focus on. The teams are also given group “leave-behind”
folders with information on the importance of geoscience<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Besides our own research summaries, team members also sometimes
add federal agency fact sheets or bookmarks (such as from USGS or NASA) and
professional society information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The role of the chaperones, which are policy
staff of the participating professional geoscience societies, is both subtle
and critical to success of the visits. I have previously been with staff
members of </span><a href="http://sites.agu.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AGU</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (American Geophysical Union), </span><a href="http://www.geosociety.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GSA</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Geological Society of America), AGI, AAPG (American Association
of Petroleum Geologists) and AMS. The chaperone also books the specific office
visits. Frequently, the chaperone will accompany the teams on their appointments,
although some years if there are more state teams than policy staff, teams may
be unescorted if there are experienced CVD constituents. Chaperones help with
directions to offices, keeping on schedule, and sometimes gentle guidance of
the conversation to make sure nothing gets left out. In my first CVD in April
2001 (</span><a href="http://www.setcvd.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SET-CVD</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), I erroneously structured my delivery to lead up to the “Ask”,
pointing out first how geoscience research is important to Pennsylvania. In
these meetings, which may be no longer than 15 minutes, there are no
time-signal lights, as in a conference presentation, and time can fly. I was
the only scientist in this meeting with a staff member of then-Senator Santorum
and my AGI policy staff chaperone. As I was feeling even myself getting a
little bored with my own delivery and anxious on time, my chaperone stepped in
and masterfully guided the discussion to the “Ask” and point of our visit. The
structure of the visit, as emphasized each year in the Geo-CVD workshop, should
put the purpose (Message and Ask) first and up front, like the opening of a
newspaper article (who, what, when, where, why) and not like an introductory
paragraph of an essay or many science articles where one sets the scene first,
leading up to the thesis statement or “punch line”. And with a group of
scientists visiting an office, the team lead must get the visit’s
purpose/message/ask out first, efficiently mention their own research (impact
on state/district and how the relevant federal funding is important), and quickly
pass the conversation on to other team members so everyone gets to speak. However,
each team member must take responsibility to keep their delivery short: in one
recent House office visit, one of our 4-member team (no chaperone) rambled on
for 25 minutes so that no one else had a chance to talk! It is also natural for
the first meeting of the day to be less polished because the team is developing
a rhythm and feel for time and content. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Congressional office visits are usually with
legislative staff members, rather than the elected official, although in a few
of my past House office visits, the Representative has been present. The
Legislative Correspondents or Aides may or may not be the staff member covering
science or energy, but they are the information gatherers who are conduits and
synthesizers of data on issues for the Representative/Senator. Some may just
say thank you at the end of the meeting, but others may have specific questions
on exactly how much funding or what specific action the team is requesting,
especially during visits that take place in the late winter when the next
fiscal year’s budget is being formulated.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An important purpose of any CVD is to offer
oneself as an information resource to the Congressional office. Over the last
35 years, the number of scientists serving as Congressional office or committee
staff has grown, with increasing numbers of Congressional Science Fellows,
former Fellows who continue in legislative positions, and the occasional
engineer/scientist who has segued into a legislative staff career. However, the
number is still small, and having a state or district scientist as a direct
resource, or who can refer the office to another scientist with the necessary
expertise, is a valuable asset.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These face-to-face Capitol Hill visits should be
the start of an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ongoing </i>dialogue on
the importance of federal science support. Congressional staff is very busy,
have many topics or issues to cover, and have visits with many other
constituents and groups, so it is essential not to let the topic of the
importance of science to the National interest fade. Any CVD visit should be
followed up with a letter (e-mail is preferred over snail mail letters with
their onerous physical security screening) thanking the office for the visit,
iterating "the Ask", the offer to be a resource, and other points
discussed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While it is recommended that one continue
contact with their Congressional offices, one does not have to do it each year
in person during Geo-CVD or other science CVDs. Continued dialogue (or any
outreach to members of Congress) can include written correspondence or in-state
district visits. Such communication can mention appreciation for relevant
sponsored legislation or voting positions, or a request for particular
consideration of new science legislation or issues of concern. I have not been
as frequent with that as I should, but a great resource for keeping up with
science-related legislation, funding levels, and talking points are
professional society public policy webpages (see the list at the bottom) or
policy news alert services (such as </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.agu.org/Share-and-Advocate/Share/Policymakers/Track-science-issues" target="_blank">https://www.agu.org/Share-and-Advocate/Share/Policymakers/Track-science-issues</a>). Sometimes a society may also have letter templates for a
specific issue that one can use as a base and then amend to make it more
personal. (It is important in any letter to have the point right in the first
paragraph; my own experience is that staff may not read past the first
paragraph in figuring out how to reply.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are other
non-medical/non-health-science Congressional Visits Days throughout the year. A
general and large Science-Engineering-Technology CVD (</span><a href="http://www.setcvd.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SET-CVD</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) occurs every spring. Geoscience member organizations for that
event usually include AGU and GSA, and one would contact one of those
organizations if interested in participating. A few earth science societies,
such as </span><a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/cvd/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AGU</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, also sponsor their own CVDs for invited participants that focus on
issues of specific interest to their members, in addition to federal support
for science agencies and STEM education.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For other stories on
Congressional Visits Day experiences:</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://thebridge.agu.org/2015/11/02/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/thebridge\.agu\.org\/2015\/11\/02\/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://thebridge.agu.org/2015/11/02/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing/</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Geo-CVD, posted November 2015 by AGU)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://community.geosociety.org/blogs/elizabeth-goldbaum/2015/11/16/geoscience-and-public-policy" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/community\.geosociety\.org\/blogs\/elizabeth-goldbaum\/2015\/11\/16\/geoscience-and-public-policy\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://geosociety.wordpress.com/2015/10/23/mingling-geoscience-with-public-policy-on-capitol-hill/</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Geo-CVD, posted October 2015 by GSA)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><a href="http://community.geosociety.org/blogs/kasey-white/2016/05/11/a-student-take-on-congressonal-visits" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://community.geosociety.org/blogs/kasey-white/2016/05/11/a-student-take-on-congressonal-visits</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ((Geo-CVD, posted 2015 by GSA) </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013EO190006/pdf" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/onlinelibrary\.wiley\.com\/doi\/10\.1002\/2013EO190006\/pdf\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013EO190006/pdf</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (SET-CVD, May 2013)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://tsop.org/newsletters/1999_2002.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://tsop.org/newsletters/1999_2002.pdf</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (My summary of 2001 SET-CVD on pages 187-189 of this 320-page pdf
of the 1999-2002 newsletters of The Society for Organic Petrology (</span><a href="http://www.tsop.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TSOP</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- an AGI member society, AAPG affiliated society))</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Earth Science Policy
websites:</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American Geophysical Union- </span><a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/sciencepolicy\.agu\.org\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geological Society of America-</span><a href="http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/GSA/Policy/Home.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/GSA/Policy/Home.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American Geoscience Institute- </span><a href="http://www.americangeosciences.org/policy-critical-issues" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.americangeosciences.org/policy-critical-issues</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Congressional websites:</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.congress.gov/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.congress.gov</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (where one can look up the text and action on any House or Senate
bill)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.senate.gov/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.senate.gov</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Senate homepage)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.house.gov/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.house.gov</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (House of Representatives homepage)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Besides participation in various science CVDs,
Maryann’s science policy or government experience includes GSA Geology and
Public Policy Committee (1986-88; 2018-21), USGS postdoctoral fellowship
(2006-08), and Foreign Service Officer, US Department of State (1973-76).]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-35354824890298337582020-01-11T17:46:00.005-05:002023-10-22T20:45:21.427-04:00Carbonbergs of the Kessel Run: What could their actual composition be?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
<o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="382">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:1;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">As we currently
observe and celebrate the end of the basic Star Wars ennealogy (=nine-part
series; Internet tells me my preferred choice “nonalogy” is not a word!), watching,
maybe multiple times, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Star Wars: Episode
IX- The Rise of </i><i>Skywalker</i>, I think back, relative to this blog’s theme, on
the couple carbon material references in the series. One is <a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Carbonite" target="_blank">carbonite</a> of
Episode V, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Star Wars: The Empire Strikes
Back</i>, a substance that through the rapid freezing of carbon gas is used for
preservation of substances or artificial hibernation of beings, </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">such as the
captured Han Solo, later released from his suspended animation by Princess Leia
in the beginning of Episode VI, </span><span style="font-family: times;"><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Star
Wars: The Return of the Jedi</i><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">The other,
more “geologic”, carbon-material mention is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">carbonbergs</b> of the 2018 film, <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3778644/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0" target="_blank"><i>Solo: A Star Wars Story </i></a></span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">. This movie is a “standalone” Star
Wars story, which, like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3748528/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_1" target="_blank">Rogue One: A Star Wars Story</a></i>, </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">serves as a
prequel to the original Star Wars film, </span><span style="font-family: times;"><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Episode
IV: A New Hope</i><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">. While </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Rogue One </i><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">ends,
time-wise, just before (like days before) the start of </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">A New Hope</i><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Solo,</i></span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"> </span>and its depiction of Han Solo’s record-setting
Kessel Run through the Akkadese Maelstrom, <a href="https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a825727/star-wars-timeline-chronology-phantom-menace-to-last-jedi/" target="_blank">occurs about 10 years before that</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Carbonberg" target="_blank">Carbonbergs</a>,
according to <a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Main_Page" target="_blank">Wookiepedia</a>, </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">are “large, drifting masses of solid carbon
that could be encountered in <a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Realspace" target="_blank">realspace</a></span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Among other hazards, the <a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Akkadese_Maelstrom" target="_blank">Akkadese Maelstrom</a></span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">notably
contained planet-sized carbonbergs that routinely crashed into each other,
creating gravitational chaos.” In the middle of the Akkadese Maelstrom, was the
planet Kessel, the source of “<a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Spice" target="_blank">spice</a>”, </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">a group of drugs mined and refined for
both legitimate medicinal and illegitimate recreational purposes and a target
of smugglers, like Han Solo, and nefarious political entities and operators.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFuoyYs4uyYAJXrYUyFM3JtdhdH3d01DzeJy13Ys9C0OMqGy0nXFbZgI54ziQqe80ETtyYWDWfW1XIIbAT9_47iTzMQNsehZ__wZUStR7vwrbxnBIHwc2CHH1WeQwQSqnYWIHPregY8T3Z/s1600/1Akkadese_Maelstrom.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="791" data-original-width="724" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFuoyYs4uyYAJXrYUyFM3JtdhdH3d01DzeJy13Ys9C0OMqGy0nXFbZgI54ziQqe80ETtyYWDWfW1XIIbAT9_47iTzMQNsehZ__wZUStR7vwrbxnBIHwc2CHH1WeQwQSqnYWIHPregY8T3Z/s400/1Akkadese_Maelstrom.png" width="365" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="text-align: start;">FIGURE 1: Map of Akkadese Maelstrom with various Kessel Run trajectories from </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Akkadese_Maelstrom" target="_blank">https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Akkadese_Maelstrom</a> .</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">The <a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Kessel_Run" target="_blank">Kessel Run</a> </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">was the route through the cyclonically-shaped maelstrom to planet
Kessel and usually was a spiral route through an uncluttered channel (Figure 1).
A shorter route could be taken by cutting across the whorls of <a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Akkadese_Maelstrom" target="_blank">concentrated ice chunks, carbonbergs, interstellar gas, other debris</a>,</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> monsters, plus a <a href="https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/difference-between-a-gravity-well-and-a-black-hole.13957/" target="_blank">strong gravity well</a> (destructive but not as strong as a black
hole</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">). The distance or length of the <a href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Kessel_Run/Legends" target="_blank">traditional Kessel Run route is 18 parsecs</a>,</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> but Han’s record-setting run, famously bragged about in <i>A New Hope</i> (watch </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjYuw6zWk_Y" style="font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjYuw6zWk_Y</span></a><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">
at 10-20 sec.), was about 12 parsecs. (</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">People
have complained over the decades that using “parsecs” was incorrect since
parsec is a unit of distance not time. However, the <i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWRJeyRfb40" target="_blank">apologia</a></i></span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> i</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">s that Solo was indeed
talking about distance since his record-setting route was done over a shorter
distance than any previous ship, taking him through a more dangerous part of
the maelstrom. The shorter route also resulted in a faster time.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">Carbonbergs,
as described above, are solid carbon, which assumably means elemental or native
carbon, not a carbon compound that includes other elements like hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, silicon. In a movie clip of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Solo </i>Kessel Run, the Millennium Falcon slides on a big carbonberg
ripping off part of the landing gear (</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnmbVQcENf8" target="_blank"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnmbVQcENf8</span></a><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;
Slide occurs at 1min 26 seconds). <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/mystery-millennium-falcon-debate-landing-gear-led-entire/story?id=58589123" target="_blank">Rob Brewdow of Industrial Light and Magic, describes the scene</a>: “<span style="background: white; color: black;">in the middle
of the Kessel run when we’re coming up to that ice, that giant carbon berg,
that Han does the slide on, we actually rip off the front two landing gears”. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_UfVoX4xV2I6dTgulGrdlKTlnc3L5hS27prZaq2osl0VQVlzLSSmnk_jm3KjCvdueNMR0w_BfDMU_pOylFXzv5Q2GkRkuhMPMRCu2bTnHIKAn2ZCRlPRMC40vgU1GBFOMibC_EfCGNnoU/s1600/2CarbonBerg+Texture.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="1318" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_UfVoX4xV2I6dTgulGrdlKTlnc3L5hS27prZaq2osl0VQVlzLSSmnk_jm3KjCvdueNMR0w_BfDMU_pOylFXzv5Q2GkRkuhMPMRCu2bTnHIKAn2ZCRlPRMC40vgU1GBFOMibC_EfCGNnoU/s400/2CarbonBerg+Texture.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;">FIGURE 2: Passage between two carbonbergs just prior to reaching planet Kessel from </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start;"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">Solo: A Star Wars Story</span></i><span style="text-align: start;">. (Snap taken at ~1:45 </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnmbVQcENf8" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start;" target="_blank"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnmbVQcENf8</span></a><span style="text-align: start;"> after escaping gravity well.)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">However, that description (“ice”
and “slide”) implies an icy carbonberg. With ice elsewhere in the maelstrom,
and space being freezing cold, and the analogous name to “icebergs”, it
suggests perhaps some frozen deposition process or mix of ice and carbon in the
carbonbergs. There are a couple instances of icy carbon-bearing materials on
both Earth and the solar system. One is methane clathrates, AKA methane
hydrates, methane (CH</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span></span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">) is trapped within a cage-like crystal structure of
water ice. These are found in the Earth’s deep ocean and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774974" target="_blank">possibly moons of Jupiter, Kuiper Belt Objects, and comets</a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black;">A second example is bladed ice
“penitentes”, named for their similarity to contrite kneeling figures. With a
texture similar to the jagged carbonbergs (Figure 3), penitentes are found in
<a href="https://eos.org/articles/huge-blades-of-ice-may-partially-cover-jupiters-moon-europa" target="_blank">South America, and are postulated to exist on the Jovian moon Europa and on Pluto</a>.
</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">On Earth,
they form in <a href="https://eos.org/articles/huge-blades-of-ice-may-partially-cover-jupiters-moon-europa" target="_blank">“cold and dry conditions at tropical latitudes</a>, for example, in
the Andes Mountains of northern Chile. They begin to form when a field of ice
naturally develops small pits in its surface. When the Sun is nearly overhead,
sunlight preferentially strikes the bottom of these pits, warming the ice. This
warming ice doesn’t melt in a traditional sense: The air is so dry that the
heated ice immediately vaporizes into gas in a process called
sublimation.</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a;">As sublimation
continues, the pits deepen. Over time, the cumulative sublimation eats away at
ice, creating penitentes with typical heights of 1–5 meters.” </span></span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Like penitentes
of Earth, the ones on Europa, which could be 15 m tall, would be water ice. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/scientists-offer-sharper-insight-into-pluto-s-bladed-terrain" target="_blank">On Pluto, they are possibly made of frozen methane and stand 500 m tall. </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU_xw4KnjMV0LhrWNF_3BlMd3IaoFW-Hzs5i2zAezHjKu_l8huuqfAUqhmiF0Dx9TDp1mFIsF1Rjh3zrGI_OVghHnPhkLFBh-R7aP6Qy6xeWHhuJrc6N44bGxg219CdFkV-m_jYYIHX4M9/s1600/3Penitentes.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="1600" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU_xw4KnjMV0LhrWNF_3BlMd3IaoFW-Hzs5i2zAezHjKu_l8huuqfAUqhmiF0Dx9TDp1mFIsF1Rjh3zrGI_OVghHnPhkLFBh-R7aP6Qy6xeWHhuJrc6N44bGxg219CdFkV-m_jYYIHX4M9/s400/3Penitentes.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">FIGURE 3: Penitentes on slopes of the dormant volcano Llullaillaco, Chile/Argentina border. </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">(Photo from</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://eos.org/articles/microbes-spotted-on-blades-of-ice-high-in-the-andes" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">https://eos.org/articles/microbes-spotted-on-blades-of-ice-high-in-the-andes</a><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif">)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">But, the description of carbonbergs does say “solid carbon”
so despite their slippery surface, they should <i>not</i>, by definition, be a material including other elements or mixed
with ice. Pure carbon crystalline <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/allotropy" target="_blank">allotropes</a> (differing atomic arrangements of
same element) </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">include <a href="http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/RIM/RiMG075/RiMG075_Ch02_novideo.pdf" target="_blank">cubic diamond (and its hexagonal polymorph lonsdaleite), fullerenes, and graphite</a>. (That is allotropes known
to us Earthlings.) Diamonds have a network crystallographic structure, and,
truthfully, if the carbonbergs were made of diamond I think they would have
told us that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/fullerene" target="_blank">Fullerenes</a> are arrangements of carbon atoms in a closed hollow
ball/sphere or cylinder shape</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and have been <a href="https://phys.org/news/2018-01-interstellar-fullerenes-solutions-earthly.html" target="_blank">found in interstellar space</a>.</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The round molecular shape of some
fullerenes called “buckyballs”, because of resemblance to Buckminster Fuller’s
geodesic dome, makes them useful as <a href="https://www.nisenet.org/sites/default/files/catalog/uploads/2514/strucbucky_guide_15nov10.pdf" target="_blank">lubricants or lubricant additives</a>.</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A one-atom thick flat/unfolded sheet alone is called graphene. Crystalline
fullerene</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<a href="https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Fullerene" target="_blank">fullerite</a>) does look a bit like a small version of a carbonberg (Figure 4). <a href="https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Carbon_nanotube" target="_blank">Fullerite has a hardness comparable to diamond</a> but does not cleave as nicely. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrLPU_iEMHGCXcgc6XhKElOxKGpYJnD588Nh0XrenSaonRQBC4tKlqZm0yNkSU7wgRX_ClAstxPHf3BKcwIexINn8Bl1ogWHjvbkEMpgZcbSKzKeYgj-EE8l-y_Fjpo_A7qFA97gTf6es/s1600/4Fullerite.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="614" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrLPU_iEMHGCXcgc6XhKElOxKGpYJnD588Nh0XrenSaonRQBC4tKlqZm0yNkSU7wgRX_ClAstxPHf3BKcwIexINn8Bl1ogWHjvbkEMpgZcbSKzKeYgj-EE8l-y_Fjpo_A7qFA97gTf6es/s400/4Fullerite.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;">FIGURE 4: </span><a href="https://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/8/85/C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG" style="text-align: start;" target="_blank">Fullerite</a><span style="text-align: start;"> (no scale given on photo). </span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">However, my choice for the mineralogy of carbonbergs would
be graphite (Figure 5). The loose bond between <a href="http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/RIM/RiMG075/RiMG075_Fig1_graphite_full.mp4" target="_blank">layered sheets of carbon atoms</a> in
graphite makes
it useful as a low-friction lubricant. As any mineralogy student learns,
graphite has a very slippery surface, and is relatively soft so one can make
marks on paper with it (Ancient Greek word “grapho” means “to write”).
Therefore, the Millennium Falcon could slide on a graphitic carbonberg without
requiring any ice to be present, assuming the carbon sheets will still <a href="https://www.jsforum.or.jp/technic/su/public/report/2000/19980154watanabe_n/19980154watanabe_n_e.html" target="_blank">slip relative to each other in the cold vacuum of space</a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAJkTPBl9ZNkwakrKHETyI4fH5c40dTh2A2WvUJnAFvLCW8imOJk2HrS0TFjlAwNP8knHDSSozrfgqf-CaLdQydt5YYVd_QwRYlGbaGhPDDweDAT_uzAN3Qay_Hi1YqB1-6YjEG5UIwj5g/s1600/5Graphite+Baffin.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="768" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAJkTPBl9ZNkwakrKHETyI4fH5c40dTh2A2WvUJnAFvLCW8imOJk2HrS0TFjlAwNP8knHDSSozrfgqf-CaLdQydt5YYVd_QwRYlGbaGhPDDweDAT_uzAN3Qay_Hi1YqB1-6YjEG5UIwj5g/s320/5Graphite+Baffin.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FIGURE 5: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite#/media/File:Kimmirut_Graphite.jpg" target="_blank">Terrestrial graphite from Baffin Island</a>, Canada; crystals 10-15 cm high.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Graphite has indeed been found in space. Carbon is formed by
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982172/pdf/cshperspect-ORI-a002097.pdf" target="_blank">fusion in the interior of stars</a>, and there are such things as “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_star" target="_blank">carbon stars</a>” in which the element carbon is more
abundant than oxygen</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">. The lower-gravity <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.369" target="_blank">carbon stars can lose a lot of their mass</a>, so the carbon
becomes part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust" target="_blank">interstellar dust</a>. </span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Graphite grains, commonly round or onion-shaped, are found in presolar dust (AKA
stardust) and have been found on Earth entombed in meteorites. <a href="http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July97/Stardust.html" target="_blank">Presolar dust</a> is
formed in stars that predate our Sun</span><span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">.
(Actually, the onion-shaped grains could be <a href="http://www.aspbooks.org/publications/309/603.pdf" target="_blank">disordered carbon</a>.) While stardust graphite, as we know it, is microscopic in size (Figure 6), in
the fantasy universe of Star Wars, we can certainly imagine graphitic
carbonbergs of fantastic planetary size.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""helvetica" , sans-serif" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidP8YTEu9uYMyRaFyM2rAmC4N3j11I6SgnFg2ZWvKMpQ309itIcg7HwseUlabL681fGFCz2C05vrL2tG4H35x0o5RKE8ShlPtg7YnpMCrOzuyLva-1hLZWz75tOvk0S4AvMdpFwnegwP0X/s1600/6Jadhav+et+al++GCA13.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="403" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidP8YTEu9uYMyRaFyM2rAmC4N3j11I6SgnFg2ZWvKMpQ309itIcg7HwseUlabL681fGFCz2C05vrL2tG4H35x0o5RKE8ShlPtg7YnpMCrOzuyLva-1hLZWz75tOvk0S4AvMdpFwnegwP0X/s400/6Jadhav+et+al++GCA13.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FIGURE 6: Scanning electron microscope photos of micron-size graphite in stardust (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703713000409" target="_blank">Jadhav and others, 2013</a>)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-38935856622128636812019-11-18T16:33:00.000-05:002020-01-03T21:37:53.092-05:00Economics and Business are also STEM fields<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
Being a scientist, married to a scientist, affiliated with a college with a strong engineering program, having a sister and father with engineering backgrounds and other relatives in health fields and computing, and being a follower of science Twitter, my bias is I perceive people studying or with careers in STEM fields as those working in science, medicine, computing/IT, technology, and engineering. However, it became clear to me at my recent high school reunion that <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/admissions/article/2018/02/19/economics-departments-reclassify-their-programs-stem-attract-and-help" target="_blank">areas of business and economics are very quantitative and should not be forgotten in considering what is a STEM discipline or career. </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
At the reunion, I saw for the first time in decades, a classmate who sat next to me in AP Calculus senior year in high school. This brilliant young man would sometimes flatter me by asking to borrow my homework to copy right before class, not because he wasn’t smart, but because he just hadn’t done it. He went to MIT, majoring in Math, and then got a Master’s in Finance and Information Systems from MIT’s Sloan School of Business. He has had a very successful career in finance.<br />
<br />
Likewise, my engineering-major, accounting-minor sister used her accounting training at major business consulting firms and Fortune 500 companies, notably working in 1998-99 on Y2K issues of amending accounting and inventory code from two-digit-year designators to four-digit. My hairdresser’s college-math-major daughter has gone into market analysis, a job the hairdresser says was predicated on having a math degree. Have these individuals left science or math behind, “leaked” out of the STEM pipeline post-graduation? Certainly not.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgRVM2BjndfK7AAoKZF-5qB1yLL8CsKuXaZQHlmGHoaXrrbMS-rsUjTI0eHn50bksZBp-yT2PyOCO7vubo3hvLdshEserC7TYDkO2pEklq_HrBvVK7Oisi3GVLSbaNuxl66XvJUJBJ6ZO/s1600/WTI+forecast+EIA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="551" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisgRVM2BjndfK7AAoKZF-5qB1yLL8CsKuXaZQHlmGHoaXrrbMS-rsUjTI0eHn50bksZBp-yT2PyOCO7vubo3hvLdshEserC7TYDkO2pEklq_HrBvVK7Oisi3GVLSbaNuxl66XvJUJBJ6ZO/s400/WTI+forecast+EIA.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-family: calibri; font-size: medium; text-align: start;">Quantitative analysis of price futures: US crude oil commodity price forecast (West Texas Intermediate benchmark) with confidence intervals (<a href="https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/" target="_blank">Energy Information Administration</a>).</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
In my field of Earth Sciences, there is a variety of mathematical applications, including statistics, used among subdisciplines. Especially, but not exclusively, geophysics, climate modeling, and hydrology, have practitioners who are mathematicians applying their skills to earth problems. These mathematicians can easily move between topics and careers where math is a tool. During a conference on large meteorite impacts in 2008, one conference attendee who did modeling of effects of impacts on planetary surfaces mentioned to me that he was considering getting a job in business rather than academia. From my doctoral alma mater, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, it has been noted that being <a href="https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/seismology-911" target="_blank">“</a><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/seismology-911" target="_blank">highly skilled at analyzing complex data, they [Lamont geophysicists] had figured out they could make a lot more money crunching stock prices for Wall Street than plotting earthquakes.”</a> </span><span style="background-color: white;">Tragically, </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/national/portraits/weibin-wang-living-the-american-dream-2001120293520614313.html" target="_blank">Weibin Wang</a> (Ph.D. 1994), who had studied earthquake mechanics, was working as a senior program analyst for financial services company Cantor Fitzgerald in the World Trade Center when he lost his life on September 11, 2001. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
Right now we are in another long season of US electoral obsessiveness with daily reporting of statistics in the form of polling data. The fine print at the bottom of some polling result graphics on television include the sample size (number of people surveyed) and the margin of error in the form of the standard deviation. We should be reminded that “pollster” can be another STEM career, many pollsters having either a psychology or statistics background.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJvNIIX_6zCZmQXYA9TVAVQghlCHrsMh-E2J54hc4YVBNSoaCYBxLofjEcLKpXEqlbhTvZ80vB1EGdJXVhf8PWV4u3WwPh5TIn1EL_uN2YeP1UcfB0GzNTN69qpE80Ud2LapfyJWp_R0R3/s1600/IowaPoll+MSNBC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1205" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJvNIIX_6zCZmQXYA9TVAVQghlCHrsMh-E2J54hc4YVBNSoaCYBxLofjEcLKpXEqlbhTvZ80vB1EGdJXVhf8PWV4u3WwPh5TIn1EL_uN2YeP1UcfB0GzNTN69qpE80Ud2LapfyJWp_R0R3/s400/IowaPoll+MSNBC.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://www.msnbc.com/weekends-with-alex-witt/watch/new-iowa-poll-biden-lead-shrinks-as-warren-buttigieg-climb-61592645550" target="_blank">MSNBC</a> Iowa polling data graphic from June 2019, showing at bottom the sample size (people polled) and MOE (margin of error).</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-55963060910820855452019-10-28T22:44:00.000-04:002019-11-08T12:13:33.415-05:00SYRIAN OIL: How much, where is it, and political setting as of late October 2019<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sections</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BACKGROUND EVENTS …</span></b></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SPOILS OF WAR?</span></b></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SYRIAN PRODUCTION & RESERVES AND GLOBAL
COMPARISONS</span></b></li>
<li><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">GENERAL GEOLOGY OF MAJOR OIL-PRODUCING AREAS</span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><b>Selected Bibliography</b></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
<o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="382">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BACKGROUND EVENTS RELATIVE TO SYRIAN US TROOP
WITHDRAWAL:</span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> On October 18, 2019, US
President Trump tweeted, regarding the withdrawal of US troops from northern
parts of Syria, “The U.S. has secured the Oil“. I, probably like many, wondered
what he meant since Syria does not pop immediately into my head as an oil power,
despite the fact that it borders Iraq, a major petroleum producer. <a href="https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-US-Will-Not-Give-Up-Control-Of-Syrian-Oil-Gas.html" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oilprice.com</i></a> did report on October 21, that US military forces “will keep hold of oil and
gas fields in eastern Syria and the Al Tanf base in the south [Al Tanf near
Syrian-Iraqi-Jordanian border] under the plans to withdraw troops from the
country”, citing <i>Asharq Al-Awsat</i> newspaper. Continued deployments at Al Tanf
will include “</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">keeping a special forces unit to help the Syrian opposition with
intelligence support.”</span><br />
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">That <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oilprice.com</i> article continues that also being retained are
“contractors from private military firms near oil wells and gas plants in the
region east of the Euphrates river, which holds 90 percent of Syria’s oil. . .”
Most of the oil is under the control of Kurdish SDF forces, and the plan then
was to prevent eastern Syrian wells from being taken over by Syrian President
Assad. US special forces also “will continue to be in control of oil and gas
fields in Deir Ezzor” [also romanized Deir Ez-Zour, Dayr az Zawr] along the
Euphrates River (Figure 1). Even as of October 23, after the October 22
agreement between Turkey and Russia <a href="https://www.apnews.com/6cc43d8a0e754c5d96eb72df28e88371" target="_blank">“that allowed Syrian troops to move back into a large part” </a>of the northern Syrian frontier border with Turkey (Figure
2), Kurdish-led forces still retained control of the eastern Syrian oil fields.
The largest oil field in Syria is Al-Oman near Deir Ez-Zour. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUlF8dixKtohUT1OSdKPuP64EEb8P3Gz93laQGllbgNLXRsG2xC6YT2IAT-rY2nlOBTij67yyqS_R8wHIML3HsIiE9nb3eRg9HWn3KD9FbOYTlvm4DB5rl0USa5d0GdAXvYv_wwscDdv4/s1600/1Syria+Oil%2526Tect.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1083" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUlF8dixKtohUT1OSdKPuP64EEb8P3Gz93laQGllbgNLXRsG2xC6YT2IAT-rY2nlOBTij67yyqS_R8wHIML3HsIiE9nb3eRg9HWn3KD9FbOYTlvm4DB5rl0USa5d0GdAXvYv_wwscDdv4/s400/1Syria+Oil%2526Tect.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>FIGURE 1:</b> Energy
Information Agency (EIA) map from 2015 showing Syrian oil fields and pipelines.
Most of Syria’s liquid petroleum is from around Deir Ez-Zour and to the SE/NW
in the Euphrates Fault System. The oldest exploited fields in the very
northeast of Syria are in a different structural unit, the east-trending Mesopotamian
Foredeep. Base map from <a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.php?iso=SYR" target="_blank">https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.php?iso=SYR</a>
. Tectonic provinces, superimposed in purple, are based on Aldahik and others
(2017) and Brew and others (2001) (full citations at end of post*).</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0-ATn5T2BRPeXaAfzp57p5TvlF_WADh0r8vkfMSHIInLQbLwuW4KfxAAG8hCn3Bm7Ed8P-LskX-qik3YTw0O69TzvCc_pazYpkpKX4QOskuo608jSBkuLIB1eZ3Rwjb8YNign-8anaZQb/s1600/2Syria+border+Zone+BBC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1266" data-original-width="1224" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0-ATn5T2BRPeXaAfzp57p5TvlF_WADh0r8vkfMSHIInLQbLwuW4KfxAAG8hCn3Bm7Ed8P-LskX-qik3YTw0O69TzvCc_pazYpkpKX4QOskuo608jSBkuLIB1eZ3Rwjb8YNign-8anaZQb/s320/2Syria+border+Zone+BBC.png" width="309" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>FIGURE 2:</b> Map of recently imposed “safe zone” in northern Syria along border with Turkey. From <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50171357" target="_blank">BBC.com</a>. </span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Then, on October 25, 2019, US
Defense Secretary Mark Esper stated that, despite the early October US troop
withdrawal, the US may deploy <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/24/us-military-syria-tanks-oil-fields" target="_blank">“mechanized forces [tanks] . . . </a></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/24/us-military-syria-tanks-oil-fields" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">to strengthen our position at Deir ez-Zor”</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and deny
ISIS access to the oil fields, which they had held at one time and used as a source
of income (Figure 3). </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-defense-secretary-mark-esper-says-us-will-leave-forces-in-syria-to-defend-oil-fields-from-islamic-state/2019/10/25/fd131f1a-f723-11e9-829d-87b12c2f85dd_story.html" target="_blank"> Washington Post</a> reported this change in plans occurred when President Trump was persuaded
to maintain a force in order to lower any potential threat to oil fields. This
pleased the US Department of Defense and other officials, frustrated with the
initial withdrawal announcement, since it would allow “</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">counterterrorism
operations and airspace control to continue.”</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
(Just a note that Deir Ez-Zor is about 280 km east of Idlib in NW Syria near where
ISIS leader </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Abū Bakr al-Baghdadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">was killed on October 27.) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeLkSNkszVIoCbR_cC3qMz_slrHi4MXkrVmfqgAfpkbeknXxkiCPaUZXizmEQHHwlyquwRUBRFPlkYRWLeCX-m05F0hUtTUYUCxiEl5WaCQ2B1kfV_v6jWLtQvZjfg76sO_x2SUiuRmvZy/s1600/3SyriaFieldIsis+oil360.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="660" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeLkSNkszVIoCbR_cC3qMz_slrHi4MXkrVmfqgAfpkbeknXxkiCPaUZXizmEQHHwlyquwRUBRFPlkYRWLeCX-m05F0hUtTUYUCxiEl5WaCQ2B1kfV_v6jWLtQvZjfg76sO_x2SUiuRmvZy/s320/3SyriaFieldIsis+oil360.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>FIGURE 3:</b> Map
of Syria and Iraq in mid-2014 showing areas of ISIS control, relative to major
oil fields. From <a href="https://www.oilandgas360.com/iraq-update/" target="_blank">https://www.oilandgas360.com/iraq-update/ .</a></span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SPOILS OF WAR?:</span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> However, who may eventually exploit and
profit from that oil, now produced by Kurdish SDF forces, is a legal quagmire
since the oil and natural gas, like in any country with nationalized or
government oil companies, is owned by the Syrian government. <a href="https://www.axios.com/trump-keep-syria-oil-troops-withdraw-kurds-ceasefire-7065e83c-d5e3-4c1f-8d70-75be5435a147.html" target="_blank">The Trump idea of “take the oil” had been previously examined and rejected</a> while Rex Tillerson, former
ExxonMobil CEO, was Secretary of State, according to Brett McGurk, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Special
Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL until December
2018.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>A good analysis on what may or may not be internationally
legal under the concept of “spoils of war” can be found at <a href="https://sites.duke.edu/lawfire/2016/09/25/dont-conflate-illegal-pillage-with-spoils-of-war-and-other-lawful-takings/" target="_blank">https://sites.duke.edu/lawfire/2016/09/25/dont-conflate-illegal-pillage-with-spoils-of-war-and-other-lawful-takings/</a>.
It addresses movable vs immovable assets, private vs. state property, peace
settlements, wrongful acts, reparations, and was written in response to <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2016/9/8/1567805/-Trump-on-war-It-used-to-be-To-the-victors-go-the-spoils-But-I-always-said-Take-the-oil" target="_blank">2016<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>remarks by President Trump referencing
Iraq: “</a></span><a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2016/9/8/1567805/-Trump-on-war-It-used-to-be-To-the-victors-go-the-spoils-But-I-always-said-Take-the-oil" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now, there was no victor there, believe me…But I always said: Take the oil.”</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">SYRIAN PRODUCTION & RESERVES AND GLOBAL
COMPARISONS: </span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before the
Syrian civil war, in 2011, according to the <a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Syria/archive/pdf/syria_2011.pdf" target="_blank">US Energy Information Agency (EIA) Country Analysis Sheet on Syria</a>, Syria produced just under 400,000 barrels of oil per day (b/d) and 316
million cubic feet (Mmcf/d) natural gas per day. At this capacity, it would
rank 31<sup>st</sup> on the<a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/rankings/#?prodact=53-1&cy=2018" target="_blank"> 2018 international production rankings</a>. This was down from a peak of 582,000 b/d in 1996. However, by <a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Syria/syria.pdf" target="_blank">2015, production, according to EIA notes</a>,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>had decreased to less than 25,000 b/d. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>International sanctions, withdrawal of international
petroleum partners, war, oil theft, and damage to infrastructure has hindered
all aspects of hydrocarbon resource development and delivery of energy services
to the population. <a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/rankings/#?prodact=53-1&cy=2018" target="_blank">By 2018, EIA had Syria 75<sup>th</sup> in country rankings</a>
producing 28,000 barrels per day of oil and other liquids. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So, is the amount of oil in Syria
“massive”, as described by President Trump on October 27, either in terms of
production or proved reserves? (Answer = No) Compared to Syrian peak daily
production of 582,000 b/d (1996), in <a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/rankings/#?prodact=53-1&cy=2018" target="_blank">2018</a>, the US, at number 1, produced 18 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">million</b> barrels/day (b/d), Saudi Arabia
(#2) 12.4 million, Canada (#4) 5.3 million, and Iraq (#6) 4.5 million b/d.
Syria’s proved oil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reserves</i>, as of
2015, were 2.5 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">billion</b> barrels;
natural gas reserves were 8.5 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">billion</b>
cubic feet.
In 2017, <a href="https://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/" target="_blank">US proved reserves</a> were 39.2 billion barrels crude oil, 464 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trillion </b>cubic feet natural gas;
<a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.php?iso=SAU" target="_blank">Saudi Arabian reserves</a> were 266 billion
barrels oil, 303 trillion<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>cubic feet
natural gas; <a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.php?iso=IRQ" target="_blank">Iraq reserves</a> 149 billion barrels oil, 135 trillion cubic feet natural gas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Syria/archive/pdf/syria_2011.pdf" target="_blank">2011</a>, 60% of
Syria’s oil production was heavy (low gravity or ‘thicker’) and high sulfur
(EIA 2015). Souedie or Syrian Heavy crude, <a href="https://www.psa-bv.nl/files/CrudeOils.pdf" target="_blank">API gravity 24˚</a>, is a blend of oils from northeastern-most Syria, which does make it less
desirable on the world market and requires specific refinery configurations.
Syrian Light, a blend of oil with <a href="https://www.psa-bv.nl/files/CrudeOils.pdf" target="_blank">API gravity 36˚</a> (the higher the API number
the lower the viscosity), is primarily produced from the
southern Euphrates Graben including the Deir Ez-Zour city/ Al-Omar field area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">GENERAL GEOLOGY OF MAJOR OIL-PRODUCING AREAS:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Geologically, the large oil field
Al-Omar and other production in the area of Deir Ez-Zour City in eastern Syria
along the Euphrates River is in the Euphrates Graben AKA Euphrates Fault System,
Euphrates Graben System (Figure 1). Oil and gas in the graben was not
discovered until the 1980’s. The oldest production is in the very northeast in
the Mesopotamian Foredeep, where<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" target="_blank"> an American oil producer discovered the first fields</a> immediately after World War II. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>However, in 1958, his concessions and
equipment were confiscated and nationalized by Syrian government with no
compensation. Other comparatively minor production areas are the Palmyrides and the Abd el Aziz/Sinjar uplifts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBfjj6CgoPomQygXmPKJQFNHtVlp5e8vQ-y-uxYjqrmyqfZL96-yuaGc7hW7mhN0KS8h4fwE8IftkOhYVgMRHuUvOlufreTsYuUjtsRWYQ2u9h-00ZfSJEPg28e6HgmlOHYeg8fvhyphenhyphenYrfd/s1600/4Faults+LeadEdge97.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="1600" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBfjj6CgoPomQygXmPKJQFNHtVlp5e8vQ-y-uxYjqrmyqfZL96-yuaGc7hW7mhN0KS8h4fwE8IftkOhYVgMRHuUvOlufreTsYuUjtsRWYQ2u9h-00ZfSJEPg28e6HgmlOHYeg8fvhyphenhyphenYrfd/s400/4Faults+LeadEdge97.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>FIGURE 4:</b>
Northeast-southwest cross-section across southern Euphrates Graben showing
distributed extensional faulting. From <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/266f/5637420befb73af435d94d47ffb70919c9a0.pdf" target="_blank">Brew and others, The Leading Edge, 1997</a>. </span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An excellent synopsis of the geology
of Syria, including hydrocarbon habitat is by <a href="http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/syria/brew2.pdf" target="_blank">Graham Brew and others (2001<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, GeoArabia</i>)</a>*.
This publication includes a large tectonic map, time slice figures of structure
and formation thickness, a tectonic evolution chart, and a chart of time vs petroleum
system elements of various Syrian hydrocarbon provinces. It is based on Brew’s
dissertation at Cornell University. Other citations also used in this
post’s geologic summary are listed below*.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Euphrates Graben is a
highly-faulted rift zone. Rather than having major border faults enclosing the
structure like many rifts, the Upper Cretaceous extension is distributed among
many faults (Figure 4). The major reservoir unit from which oil and gas are
produced is a highly-permeable Lower Cretaceous sandstone. (For a geologic time
scale, see <a href="https://www.geosociety.org/documents/gsa/timescale/timescl.pdf">https://www.geosociety.org/documents/gsa/timescale/timescl.pdf</a>.)
Aldahik and others (2017) described the petroleum geochemistry of Euphrates
Graben oil and used geochemical correlations to determine that the source rocks
from which Euphrates hydrocarbons were generated include the pre-rift Lower
Silurian Tanf Formation (marine shale) and two Upper Cretaceous limestone formations,
one syn-rift, one post-rift. The Tanf Formation is the equivalent of the extensive
Lower Silurian Hot Shales that source much of the prolific fields of the Arabian
peninsula, Iraq, and northern Africa. Hydrocarbons from younger Upper Cretaceous
limestones of the Euphrates Fault System migrated up into older Lower
Cretaceous formations since extensional faulting and block rotation placed younger
formations against older formations across faults (Figure 4).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
Mesopotamian Foredeep in northeastern-most Syria is a flexural basin, with
minor folding, formed during the Cenozoic collision of the Arabian Plate and
Eurasia. This tectonic event also created the adjacent Zagros Fold Belt which trends east-west just north of Syria,
turning southeast through eastern Iraq/western Iran where it houses</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> world-class oil fields</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">. The source rocks for
the Mesopotamian Foredeep are Triassic and Late Cretaceous in age, while the
main reservoir rocks are Upper Cretaceous/Lower Paleocene limestones and
dolomites. A map of oil fields of countries on the Arabian plate, including Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia is in Figure 5). </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb_v-FE8UDeKVuPp9HNrV-xH0wAwLznkN4Gf0D7qobkwjsGcgIGCcPVAjL2hybuFl1uiotiRX479oikQMZY5E0a8CN5et1sXHrJJ0WTSpeEczmBE1WrcQTvPXx-wvkRjdpyrMMUfnExa_O/s1600/5ArabianPlate+AAPG91.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb_v-FE8UDeKVuPp9HNrV-xH0wAwLznkN4Gf0D7qobkwjsGcgIGCcPVAjL2hybuFl1uiotiRX479oikQMZY5E0a8CN5et1sXHrJJ0WTSpeEczmBE1WrcQTvPXx-wvkRjdpyrMMUfnExa_O/s400/5ArabianPlate+AAPG91.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>FIGURE 5: </b>Map of oil fields of the Arabian Plate from Syria in the northwest to Oman in the southeast (American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1991). Although data on this map is from 1990, these are still the major oil fields of the region and illustrate the relative size of fields in various countries.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i><b>*SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON GEOLOGY
OF SYRIA (some not used in text):</b></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aldahik, A.,
Schulz, H-M., Horsfield, B., Wilkes, H., Dominik, W., Nederlof, P., 2017, Crude
oil families in the Euphrates Graben (Syria): Marine and Petroleum Geology, v.
86, p. 325-342. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.05.030" target="_blank">https://<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.05.030</span></a>
(not open access); Abstract at <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264817217301897" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264817217301897</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="volinfo">
<span class="nobr"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Barrier,</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> E., <span class="nobr">Machhour,</span> L., <span class="nobr">Blaizot, M., 2014</span>, Petroleum systems of Syria (Chapter 11):
in Marlow, L., Kendall, C. C. G., and Yose, L. A. (eds.): Petroleum Systems of
the Tethyan Region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 106. p.
335-378. Abstract only: <a href="http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir106/data/335_aapg-sp1960335.htm" target="_blank">http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir106/data/335_aapg-sp1960335.htm </a></span></div>
<div class="volinfo">
<br /></div>
<div class="volinfo">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brew,
G. E., litak, R. K., Seber, D., Barazangi, M., Sawaf, T., Al-Imam, 1997, Summary
of the geological evolution of Syria</span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.11937);">
through geophysical interpretation:</span><span style="transform: scaleX(1.11214);">
Implications for hydrocarbon exploration</span>: The Leading Edge, v. 16, no.
10, p. 1473-1486.
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/266f/5637420befb73af435d94d47ffb70919c9a0.pdf" target="_blank">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/266f/5637420befb73af435d94d47ffb70919c9a0.pdf</a>
</span></div>
<div class="volinfo">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><br /></span></div>
<div class="volinfo">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brew, G. E.,
2001, Tectonic evolution of Syria interpreted from integrated geophysical and
geological analysis [Ph.D. thesis]: Ithaca, Cornell University, 322 p.<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264817217301897" target="_blank"> http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/people/brew/documents/Brew_dissertation_01.pdf</a></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brew, G., Barazangi, M.,
Al-Maleh, A., K., Sawaf, T., (2001) Tectonic and geological evolution of Syria:
GeoArabia, v. 6, no. 4, p. 573-616. <a href="http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/syria/brew2.pdf" target="_blank">http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/syria/brew2.pdf</a> (This pdf includes the large tectonic map which is a separate pdf in the issue
of GeoArabia at <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/issue/6/4" target="_blank">https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/issue/6/4</a>; both map
and article are open access).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Litak, R.K., Barazangi, M., Brew, G., Sawaf, T., Al-Imam, A., Al-
Youssef, W., 1998, Structure and evolution of the petroliferous Euphrates
graben system, southeast Syria: American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin, v. 82, p. 1173-1190. Abstract: <a href="http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1998/06jun/1173/1173.htm?q=%2BtextStrip%3Abrew" target="_blank">http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1998/06jun/1173/1173.htm?q=%2BtextStrip%3Abrew</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<i><b>
</b></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">LINKS TO EIA (Energy Information Agency of US Dept.
of Energy) REPORTS AND NOTES ON SYRIA:</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Syria/archive/pdf/syria_2011.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Syria/archive/pdf/syria_2011.pdf</a> 2011</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.php?iso=SYR" target="_blank">https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.php?iso=SYR</a>
2015 notes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">2018 INTERNATIONAL RANKINGS OF TOTAL PETROLEUM AND
OTHER LIQUIDS PER DAY (EIA):</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/rankings/#?prodact=53-1&cy=2018" target="_blank">https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/rankings/#?prodact=53-1&cy=2018</a>
</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
span.nobr
{mso-style-name:nobr;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
p.volinfo, li.volinfo, div.volinfo
{mso-style-name:volinfo;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-83196435441063634152019-02-21T20:46:00.004-05:002020-01-03T21:48:35.230-05:00"Their Eyes Were Watching God": Zora Neale Hurston, the "Forgotten Hurricane", and Everglades muck soil<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<i>Inspired by hearing Senator Chris Murphy (D-CT), on MSNBC’s Morning Joe, talk about reading poetry by Harlem Renaissance poet Langston Hughes to his son’s school class during this year’s Black History Month (February 2019), I finally completed this blogpost discussing some earth science aspects of Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937). Hurston was a friend and collaborator of Langston Hughes.</i><br />
<br />
As I usually embarrassingly do, on Tuesday, September 19, 2017, I finally finished our monthly book club selection, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Their_Eyes_Were_Watching_God">Their Eyes Were Watching God</a>, by African-American author, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a>, half an hour before the meeting. The book’s climatic events took place during the “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane">Forgotten Hurricane</a>” (AKA Great Okeechobee Hurricane or San Felipe Segundo Hurricane) that made landfall at West Palm Beach, Florida, on September 17, 1928. The subsequent breeching of the southeastern 5-foot-high muck dike of Lake Okeechobee resulted in catastrophic flooding from central Florida to Palm Beach on the east coast; more than 2500 people drowned, most of them African-American migrant farm workers. Tea Cake, third husband of Hurston’s main character, Janie Crawford, was a fictional victim. Coincidently with my finishing this book, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes">Category 5</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> was devastating Puerto Rico, the most intense hurricane to hit that island since the Okeechobee Hurricane almost exactly 89 years before. Maria was initially on the same path as the 1928 “Forgotten Hurricane”, but after passing over Puerto Rico, it turned north, missing Florida.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1aIu6lyhyphenhyphennZX3r2tcR_zk1vs2wr2zGQlgCH6b20hyXOfomgwHeokVlcFfxbMGhByA1vhEGxWGL8MDz6319bY4KVm5jNPWESa4wORLQfzmdIBUM32yH-ywIukY2WcBGwKt-zGjZkhIsWML/s1600/1okee_1928_map_.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1aIu6lyhyphenhyphennZX3r2tcR_zk1vs2wr2zGQlgCH6b20hyXOfomgwHeokVlcFfxbMGhByA1vhEGxWGL8MDz6319bY4KVm5jNPWESa4wORLQfzmdIBUM32yH-ywIukY2WcBGwKt-zGjZkhIsWML/s400/1okee_1928_map_.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FIGURE 1: <br />
<a href="https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/local/florida/remembering-the-hurricane-of-1928/224621464" target="_blank">Path of the Forgotten Hurricane of 1928</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiQEceGdTFOl9LfHKeNLu6IdQObbtevCwtoT9A49inpZ_NtgQmP4vWeH4RoLajD0Mz4bv6_mYbmHE9AOfo64f9hGh3TkNlnOLWN1hnTLX9vtJ6p33k7fekyiaVTgCSnMGKTG3TmfSlW-VF/s1600/2Maria+Path+TimeMag.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiQEceGdTFOl9LfHKeNLu6IdQObbtevCwtoT9A49inpZ_NtgQmP4vWeH4RoLajD0Mz4bv6_mYbmHE9AOfo64f9hGh3TkNlnOLWN1hnTLX9vtJ6p33k7fekyiaVTgCSnMGKTG3TmfSlW-VF/s400/2Maria+Path+TimeMag.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FIGURE 2: <br />
<a href="http://time.com/4945919/hurricane-maria-path-track-forecast/" target="_blank">Path of Hurricane Maria, 2017 </a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The muck dike gave way around 9 PM, September 17, 1928, near the town of Belle Glade, on the south-southeastern edge of Lake Okeechobee: “it only took an hour after the dike gave way for floodwaters to peak at a fatal 12 feet”, according to a <a href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/sfl-1928-hurricane-story.html">1988 Sun Sentinel article</a>. In Hurston’s novel, Janie and Tea Cake lived in a migrant shack where “only the dyke separated them from great, sprawling Okechobee” [sic]. The <a href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/sfl-ahurricane14sep14-story.html">storm became generally forgotten</a> due to the early onset of the Depression in the affected area, poor documentation of the destruction, downplaying the tragedy to avoid loss of tourism, and the sad fact that most of the dead were African-American. <br />
<br />
<br />
Is there any connection in the novel to the geologic-carbon theme of this blog? Answer= Yes, muck. “We goin’on de muck.”<br />
“Whut’s de muck, and where is it at?”<br />
“Oh down in de Everglades round Clewiston and Belle Glade where dey raise all dat cane and string-beans and tomatuhs…<br />
. . . Dirt road so rich and black that a half mile of it would have fertilized a Kansas wheat field. .<br />
. . .Yuh can’t live on de muck ‘thout yuh take uh bath every day. Do dat muck’ll itch yuh lak ants.<br />
. . .Work all day for money, fight all night for love. The rich black earth clinging to bodies and biting the skin like ants."<br />
<br />
According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapric#World_Reference_Base">Wikipedia</a>,
“muck is a sapric soil that is naturally waterlogged or is artificially
drained... a sapric is a subtype of a histosol where virtually all of
the organic material has undergone sufficient decomposition to prevent
the identification of plant parts. . . The World Reference Base for Soil
Resources (WRB) defines ‘sapric’ as a histosol having less than
one-sixth (by volume) of the organic material consisting of recognizable
plant tissue within 100 cm of the soil surface. . . Muck soils are
defined by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service as sapric
organic soils that are saturated more than 30 cumulative days in normal
years or are artificially drained. In other words, it is a soil made up
primarily of humus from drained swampland.” <br />
<br />
In <a href="https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/sofia.usgs.gov/memorials/dovell/thesis/ch1sec2.html">Chapter 1, Section 2</a>, of his 1947 University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) <a href="https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/sofia.usgs.gov/memorials/dovell/index.html#thesis">dissertation</a>
on “A History of the Everglades of Florida", Junius Elmore Dovell
described the soils (mucks and peats) of the Everglades and Lake
Okeechobee area and the various surveys and classifications done in the
early half of the 20th century as interest in regional agricultural
development grew. He writes that the best land, where Janie and Tea Cake
picked beans, was custard apple muck; the names of Florida mucks
derived from the primary vegetation initially growing at each location.
Dovell reported the custard apple muck, in a 1915 survey, was found to
be 40-75 inches thick over a peat that then extended down to limestone
bedrock at 122-150 inches depth. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht27RFxT7jlpIaKB8FtwKL4hCRqFAE4uFwkQ7kHMF94Jyu-L0bRqbOoqbttgAxl_fk_Yt1c4Sel1POKGndRSdQ4AxqyUxkyeFpuLl5Lr3bbDQA_3-oyqboC2M0OGcSbYY5kT-OarLaAQs2/s1600/Historic_Everglades_RegionsWIKI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="440" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht27RFxT7jlpIaKB8FtwKL4hCRqFAE4uFwkQ7kHMF94Jyu-L0bRqbOoqbttgAxl_fk_Yt1c4Sel1POKGndRSdQ4AxqyUxkyeFpuLl5Lr3bbDQA_3-oyqboC2M0OGcSbYY5kT-OarLaAQs2/s320/Historic_Everglades_RegionsWIKI.jpg" width="177" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
FIGURE 3: “Major landscape types in the Everglades before human
action.” The area described by Tea Cake “round Clewiston and Belle
Glade” is under the words “Custard Apple and” at the SW edge of Lake
Okeechobee. By <a href="http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/sct_flows/fig1mapx.jpg,%20Public%20Domain">US Geological Survey </a>through <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3982073">Wikipedia</a>. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Peat is usually associated with muck. Muck by definition is more decomposed than peat, not having any visible plant parts remaining, although I assume by “visible” they mean with the naked eye since, even in coal, plant parts can be recognized under the microscope. Muck also has a higher sediment volume (sand, mud) than peat (Dovell). However, just because the muck is more decomposed than peat that does not mean that muck, in the Everglades and southern rim of Lake Okeechobee, is always found under, more deeply buried than the associated peat. Both Dovell and Marjory Stoneman Douglass (in <i>The Everglades, River of Grass</i>) describe the custard apple muck as sitting on top of peat, while in other locations, muck is stratigraphically under peat. A <a href="http://gsrpdf.lib.msu.edu/ticpdf.py?file=/1920s/1929/2911192.pdf">USDA report from 1929</a> does state “Peatlands pass more or less slowly from the natural state of well-preserved plant remains, through the muck stage, to the final transformation into humified organic matter.”<br />
<br />
*********************<br />
<i>Zora Neale Hurston, novelist, anthropologist, anthologist, was a major author of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s. She was born in Alabama, but raised in Florida. Her work was, like the Great Okeechobee Hurricane, forgotten for about four decades due to politics (she was more conservative than some in her literary circle) and to her use of dialect being viewed not as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston">preservation of culture and linguistics</a>, but promoting pejorative stereotypes of African-American vernacular. Her career fortunately has had its own posthumous Renaissance since 1975 with the publication of Alice Walker’s article,<a href="https://www.allisonbolah.com/site_resources/reading_list/Walker_In_Search_of_Zora.pdf"> </a><a href="https://www.allisonbolah.com/site_resources/reading_list/Walker_In_Search_of_Zora.pdf">“In Search of Zora Neale Hurston”</a>, in Ms. Magazine. Hurston’s works, including Their Eyes Were Watching God, have been rediscovered, reissued, and Hurston is now rightly recognized as a “pre-eminent writer” of the 20th century.</i><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.allisonbolah.com/site_resources/reading_list/Walker_In_Search_of_Zora.pdf">https://www.allisonbolah.com/site_resources/reading_list/Walker_In_Search_of_Zora.pdf </a> Alice Walker’s 1975 Ms. Magazine article, "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston".<br />
<a href="https://www.zoranealehurston.com/about/">https://www.zoranealehurston.com/about/</a> Biography on Hurston official website<br />
<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/02/17/a-society-of-one">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/02/17/a-society-of-one</a> New Yorker article on Hurston’s life and her writing<br />
<a href="https://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28">https://barnard.edu/news/archaeology-classic-celebrating-zora-neale-hurston-28</a> Description of Alice Walker’s search for Hurston<br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-74631857042886924902019-02-16T12:44:00.001-05:002019-03-11T10:28:09.930-04:00AGU, madeleines, and the 5 earth science books (and articles) I can’t live without!<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marcel
Proust famously wrote in the first volume of his early 20<sup>th</sup>-century
novel </span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">À la recherche du temps perdu</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(title translated as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Remembrance of Things Past</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In Search of Lost Time</i>) about the
involuntary memories triggered by eating a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)#Literary_reference" target="_blank">madeleine</a> dipped in tea.
(This Proust memory passage even prompted my undergraduate college to rename
its yearbook, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Madeleine</i>!) A
madeleine is a very small, cookie-size, sponge or génoise cake shaped like an
elongated seashell; it can have an almond or lemon flavor. Although madeleines
were a frequent purchase of mine at a Starbucks across from the Walter
Washington Convention Center during the December 2018 meeting of the American
Geophysical Union (AGU) in Washington, DC, it was actually a talk about geodynamicist
<a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/347983" target="_blank">Donald Turcotte</a>,</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in a session honoring the “<a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Session/45158" target="_blank">Giants of Tectonophysics</a>”, that got my mind rambling back to an infrequent but perennial thought of what
are the five most important or essential earth science texts for me (including one
by Turcotte), if I was limited to having just five. (The original thought long
ago was the five books I would want if stuck on a desert isle, but really what
would I need with academic reading with no office, lab, pencil… or food?!)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVD636rNPiClxbOsBRrqmNwCIRB1rYGVv7NkPPMhflHS90JVc3W_Ay9__rnEzjN6q-D-oTL95MIIiIuCEhvfPujz6gbYrbAuZF9slB13Jkz8qtoLmQDInnhcPKuG32eLyzjI7FG6FWpBJI/s1600/Madeleine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="460" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVD636rNPiClxbOsBRrqmNwCIRB1rYGVv7NkPPMhflHS90JVc3W_Ay9__rnEzjN6q-D-oTL95MIIiIuCEhvfPujz6gbYrbAuZF9slB13Jkz8qtoLmQDInnhcPKuG32eLyzjI7FG6FWpBJI/s400/Madeleine.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">FIGURE 1: Madeleines
and their baking pan. (<a href="https://www.foodnetwork.ca/recipe/citrus-madeleines/16626/" target="_blank">From the Food Network, Canada</a>.) </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7O1tqJoBJAwMM-pMKG3leDkVig97xdGNnLy2EPA8cjbMQV7pNuUyzTr0HGf5MSRwJki9nV81ml-YRnAvMB7CpzGPN4vCr5iF-9sH9qw-tSfeAoJX3julVHfVRVs87r3F2datmoJveW0P/s1600/TheBooks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7O1tqJoBJAwMM-pMKG3leDkVig97xdGNnLy2EPA8cjbMQV7pNuUyzTr0HGf5MSRwJki9nV81ml-YRnAvMB7CpzGPN4vCr5iF-9sH9qw-tSfeAoJX3julVHfVRVs87r3F2datmoJveW0P/s400/TheBooks.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">FIGURE 2: Four
of my 5 most essential earth science texts (some with more than one edition),
identified by the plethora of Post-Its.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Geodynamics:
Applications of continuum physics to geologic problems</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> by Donald Turcotte and Gerald Schubert,
1982, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 450 pages. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(The volume that the AGU biographic talk on Turcotte brought to mind.
It provides a calculus-based physics understanding of earth processes such as
material flow, heat flow, fluid flow, flexure, brittle deformation. One could
also say it is a mechanical engineering approach to geological processes, but on
a huge scale in both length and duration. Doing the included problems cements
understanding.)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Stach’s
Textbook of Coal Petrology</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,
3rd. ed., by Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.-Th., Teichmüller, M., Taylor, G. H.,
Chandra, D.,Teichmüller, R., Murchison, D. G., and Zierke, F., 1982, Gebruder
Borntraeger, Berlin, 535 pages, AND ITS SUCCESSOR, Taylor, G. H., Teichmüller,
M., Davis, A., Diessel, C. F. K., Littke, R., Robert, P., 1998, <u>Organic
petrolog</u>y: Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 704 pages. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(These books are the bible(s) of coal, and later organic, petrology,
the microscopic study of sedimentary organic matter, including formation of
coal, <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2017/12/why-there-will-be-no-maceralcup.html" target="_blank">macerals</a>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">utilization
products. Stach’s 3<sup>rd</sup> edition is what I originally learned on, but
is a bit disordered since additions, over the 2<sup>nd</sup> edition, were just
tacked onto existing chapters or sections. </span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Organic Petrology</span></u></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
is an updated, cleaned-up revised version incorporating more on dispersed organic
matter in sedimentary rocks, not just organic-matter-dominated coal.)</span></i><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Petroleum
formation and occurrence</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,
2nd. ed., by Bernard P. Tissot and Dietrich H. Welte, 1984, Springer Verlag,
Berlin, 699 pages. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Served as the text
for a petroleum geochemistry grad course I took; covers organic matter
deposition, maturation and chemical evolution of kerogen and petroleum,
migration, reservoirs, degradation.)</i> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sedimentary
organic matter: organic facies and palynology</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> by Richard V. Tyson, 1995, Chapman
& Hall, London, 615 pages. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">While the
coal and organic petrology books focused on reflected-light microscopy, petrography
in Tyson’s book is in transmitted light, as used in palynology. However, the
value comes from the very encyclopedic coverage of particulate organic matter deposition,
preservation, degradation, organic matter sources (land plant, algal), methods
of study, and chemical analysis</i>.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Earth</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> by Frank Press and Raymond Siever,
1986, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, 656 pages. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Comprehensive text that is great prep for doctoral oral exams. A
similar recommendation for exam prep (standard suggestion for grad students at
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York) is <u>How to
Build a Habitable Planet</u>, revised/updated 2012, Charles Langmuir and Wallace
Broecker.)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">What is the
connection among these organic and geodynamics/tectonic tomes for me? <a href="https://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/blackis-black-although-this-sentiment.html" target="_blank">Vitrinite reflectance</a>, an organic diagenetic to very-low-grade-metamorphic indicator tool originally
developed in coal petrology, can be used to model thermal history, determine paleotemperature
and paleogeothermal gradient, causative heat flow processes (conductive vs. advective,
transient vs. steady state), amount of any stratigraphic exhumation in the
context of deformational and plate tectonic processes. All these aspects come under the umbrella of "sedimentary basin analysis".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Just by the
way, scaling down from books, here are five articles that have been most
influential or foundational for my research:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tissot, B. P., Pelet, R., Ungerer,
Ph., 1987, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thermal history of
sedimentary basins, maturation indices, and kinetic of oil and gas generation</b>*:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin</i>, v. 71, p. 1445- 1466. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Although
these authors had written previous articles on their earlier research, this
well-illustrated presentation of organic maturation and petroleum generation as
a series or distribution of first-order-rate reactions of increasing activation
energy makes understanding this kinetic conceptual model very clear. IMHO, the
publication of this article was the turning point in the popular acceptance of
the distributed-activation-energy kinetic model over the earlier
single-activation-energy-based Lopatin TTI model.) </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sweeney, J. J. and Burnham, A. K.,
1990, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Evaluation of a simple model of
vitrinite reflectance based on chemical kinetics</b>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,</i> v. 74, p.
1559-70. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Based on the same kinetic
concept of organic maturation as Tissot and others, this application specifically
on vitrinite reflectance evolution is the basis of the maturation modeling I do
for basin thermal history. There are several similar models now by other
institutes or companies; this one is also referred to as the LLNL (Lawrence
Livermore National Lab) model.)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Person, M. and G. Garven, 1994, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A sensitivity study of the driving forces
on fluid flow during continental- rift basin evolution</b>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>,
v. 106, p. 461-75. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">At some point, I had
put this volume of the GSA Bulletin aside on my home office floor, folded open
to the start of this article for later reading. Subsequently forgot about it
until working on some orals paper, or similar document, and literally tripped
over the journal in a Eureka moment, re-discovering this paper on
gravity-driven cross-basin fluid flow in rift basins and permeability control
on resulting advective heat flow patterns. It explained the downhole vitrinite
reflectance patterns I was seeing in my own rift-basin research. The authors applied
large-scale basin fluid-flow modeling, previously used on foreland basins, to
rift basins specifically.)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dow, W.G., 1977, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kerogen studies and geological
interpretations</b>: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 7, p. 79-99. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">This article introduces using linear
semi-log downhole vitrinite reflectance vs. depth profiles to determine amount
of eroded section. A simple and elegant method, it has fewer assumptions, and,
therefore, fewer possibilities for introduced error, than using thermal history modeling
schemes to determine magnitude of exhumation</i>.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Pasley, M. A., Riley, G. W.,
Nummedal, D., 1993, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sequence
stratigraphic significance of organic matter variations: example from the Upper
Cretaceous Mancos shale of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico</b>, in Katz, B. J.
and Pratt, L. M., eds., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Source Rocks in a
Sequence Stratigraphic Framework</i>, American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Studies in Geology, no. 37, p. 221-242. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Not as well-known as the other articles listed here, this paper
explaining the pattern of allochthonous vs. autochthonous particulate organic-matter
deposition (land plant vs. marine algal) in marine transgressive-regressive
sequences is an important contribution to understanding the sedimentary processes
behind observed marine organic-facies patterns. It importantly contributed to
my own understanding of related processes governing organic-facies patterns I
saw in rift basin transgressive-regressive lake cycles.)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>SO</b>, what
are the most important or essential earth science texts or articles for YOUR
career??</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-46715860246676175252019-02-15T18:06:00.004-05:002019-03-11T10:15:41.363-04:00Bethlehem Steel 2: Jack Crelling, Bethlehem Steel Homer Labs, and effects on my own research direction and insight <br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In my previous post on Bethlehem
Steel, I mentioned that I had worked for and taken Coal Petrology courses at
Southern Illinois University from a professor who had worked in Bethlehem Steel
research labs. That was Dr. John C. Crelling, who recently died at the too-young
age of 77. Jack was not just a teacher to me, but a family friend.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Jack Crelling, after getting his
PhD at Penn State and service in the Army during Vietnam (of which he was very
proud), worked at the Homer Research Laboratory of Bethlehem Steel on South
Mountain in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, ~ 1 ½ miles up from the blast furnaces. He
was Geologist-in-Charge of the Coal Petrography Laboratory, Coal and Coke
Section, from 1972-1977. From 1978-2006, Jack taught at Southern Illinois
University (SIU), Carbondale, IL, continuing his research after retirement as
Research Faculty. A summary of his expansive and innovative research interests
are at </span><a href="https://geology.siu.edu/faculty-staff/research-faculty/crelling.php"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">https://geology.siu.edu/faculty-staff/research-faculty/crelling.php</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://geology.siu.edu/faculty-staff/research-faculty/crelling.php" target="_blank"> https://geology.siu.edu/faculty-staff/research-faculty/crelling.php </a>; his curriculum vitae with
extensive publication list and professional society awards can be found at </span><a href="https://geology.siu.edu/_common/documents/faculty-cv/crelling-cv.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://geology.siu.edu/_common/documents/faculty-cv/crelling-cv.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
; and a memorial is in the December 2018 issue of the newsletter of The Society
for Organic Petrology (</span><a href="https://www.tsop.org/newsletters/35_4.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.tsop.org/newsletters/35_4.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
, page 9).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
worked for Jack in his SIU Coal Characterization Lab starting in December 1982,
a few months after my arrival in Carbondale as a faculty wife. My initial job
was programming, in BASIC, the code for collecting spectral epifluorescence
data from <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2017/12/why-there-will-be-no-maceralcup.html" target="_blank">liptinite macerals</a>
under a microscope through an analog-digital converter. The computer was a
state-of-the-art Apple II, and I had 512K of space for the program!! Eventually
over the next 2 ½ years, I also did petrographic work, learning first macerals
and point-counting through Jack’s Coal Petrology courses, and then vitrinite
reflectance directly in the lab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When
I arrived at SIU, I had just completed a Master’s in Geology at Dartmouth
College, New Hampshire, USA (birthplace of BASIC), doing a mapping thesis in
nearby sillimanite-grade thrice-deformed granite-intruded Silurian-Devonian
rocks that were mostly turbiditic flysch of the Early Devonian Acadian orogeny.
I enjoy putting together a regional story of deposition, deformation and
temperature history. However, the trajectory of my career interest changed
after taking Jack’s coal classes and working in his lab, focusing no longer on
thermal evolution of high-grade metamorphic rocks, but instead on “metamorphism”
or diagenesis of sedimentary and very-low-grade metamorphic rocks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Below
are three significant contributions Jack had on either the direction of my
research interests or petrologic knowledge. The latter derived from Jack’s
Bethlehem Steel experience:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
<u>Change in research interest</u>: Besides being useful for my new job in his
lab, I took Jack’s Coal Petrology (microscopic study of coal) course, spring
semester 1983, because this was an earth science topic not available at my
previous educational institutions and would fill a gap in my geologic
knowledge. We used <a href="https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/3443010180" target="_blank">Stach’s Textbook of Coal Petrology</a> (3<sup>rd</sup> edition)
which covered origin of coal and <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2017/12/why-there-will-be-no-maceralcup.html" target="_blank">macerals</a>, changes in coal rank with burial and temperature (peat to lignite to
bituminous to anthracite), coal utilization, and applications of the
microscopic study of coal. Towards the end of the course, Jack displayed a
chart (Figure 1) that showed the relationship of coal rank to various chemical
and physical parameters and, importantly, to the zones of oil and gas
generation. I remember the words that popped into my head, “So that’s how it
works!” That chart, somehow more than anything discussed in my earlier
petroleum geology course, graduate clay mineralogy course, or graduate
metamorphic petrology class, tied together for me what is going on, invisible
to the naked eye, during diagenesis in sedimentary rocks, particularly the
windows of oil and gas generation, in relation to coal ranks, and vitrinite reflectance.
That the chart indicates the eventual graphitization of anthracite, the realms
of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks became transitional, no longer
compartmentalized, as many of us unconsciously make them. I decided then to
focus my interest in “metamorphism” and thermal history on the diagenetic to
very-low-grade-metamorphic temperature range where the coal-petrographic maturation
technique, <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/blackis-black-although-this-sentiment.html" target="_blank">vitrinite reflectance</a>, would be applicable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq1UKpXQUYERLAQJaPv4SNP9HrccIUIpxbClpAqpbApgSsGJRj3OPEdoDXDj0p_0x3pDBnpwT8fPe9EfZFZ_dJhHgpdKDNpxd-phs1-Yxyd7pN4rLCyb1rcn7DmjIZ_yNvq7eZg5dWZAi2/s1600/1Stach+Chart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq1UKpXQUYERLAQJaPv4SNP9HrccIUIpxbClpAqpbApgSsGJRj3OPEdoDXDj0p_0x3pDBnpwT8fPe9EfZFZ_dJhHgpdKDNpxd-phs1-Yxyd7pN4rLCyb1rcn7DmjIZ_yNvq7eZg5dWZAi2/s400/1Stach+Chart.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FIGURE 1: The probable figure from Stach’s Textbook of Coal Petrology Jack
Crelling showed in his Coal Petrology course that changed the trajectory of my
research career.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) <u>Pseudovitrinite and awareness of oxidation and
variable preservation of vitrinite</u>: The macerals within the <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2017/12/why-there-will-be-no-maceralcup.html" target="_blank">vitrinite maceral group</a> represent various degrees of chemical and physical change during burial, not
including pre-depositional combustion, of woody plant material. <span style="color: black;">Telinite is identified clearly by preservation of woody
cellular structure; it is the maceral used in <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/blackis-black-although-this-sentiment.html" target="_blank">vitrinite reflectance </a>measurement</span><span style="color: black;">. In collotelinite, texture is more homogeneous with cell
walls possibly only barely visible. The loss of cell structure in collotelinite
and collodetrinite (gelified vitrinite detritus in which other particles like
spores, charcoal can be embedded) indicate an increased physical breakdown of
woody material during early stages after deposition (peatification) and then
subsequent early coalification. In addition to these vitrinite group macerals,
there are unofficial maceral designations for woody material subjected to more
oxidizing (less reducing) conditions which may also preserve wood cellular
structure and, additionally, increase reflectance. A higher-reflecting telinite
with distinctive slits was identified by Benedict and others (1968*) of
Bethlehem Steel and called “pseudovitrinite” (Figure 2). In the coking process,
it acts as a semi-inert, not totally softening and going through the
liquid-crystal mesophase that vitrinite does. Benedict and colleagues found the
amount of pseudovitrinite in a coal affected various performance
characteristics both in the coke ovens and of the resulting coke in the blast furnace.</span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Due his Bethlehem Steel background, pseudovitrinite
was a maceral we counted during in Jack’s courses* and during coal characterization
in the lab (Figure 3). The intellectual seed planted by working with “pseudovitrinite”
was that there are pre-to syn-depositional oxidative processes that can affect
the reflectance of vitrinite. These processes may be autochthonous, occurring in
the coal swamp if mires dry out and are not continuously buried in a wet reducing
environment, or allochthonous during punctuated transport of trees and dead
wood downstream before deposition in fluvial, lacustrine or marine sediments. Kaegi
(1985*) used the term “oxyvitrinite” to refer to higher-reflecting non-slitted
vitrinite. However, more than a few geologists assume that any higher-reflectance
vitrinite must have been eroded from an older exhumed rock, calling that
population “recycled vitrinite”. I have only rarely identified vitrinite or
coaly particles (twice?) that definitely had been previously buried. To assume
all higher-reflectance vitrinite is eroded coaly material with a previous maturation
history ignores the taphonomy of organic matter and oxidizing processes either in
swamps or water-born transport. (Certainly, any vitrinite found in marine rocks
had to travel from land to get there!)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsJrv8HHodwbAvR8PcgEyTmFaImt4TQsgkv24awwzPSxOl-hpjEF0k4FWLIYh4Iz3dpWqyxNWf7NpVlIXS9zYRniNtHc6flZ2jxjLXUOgnaKK6jUlIwBVSzBxuiL1caPBJ4p5OQhsf4l8/s1600/2PV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="233" data-original-width="350" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsJrv8HHodwbAvR8PcgEyTmFaImt4TQsgkv24awwzPSxOl-hpjEF0k4FWLIYh4Iz3dpWqyxNWf7NpVlIXS9zYRniNtHc6flZ2jxjLXUOgnaKK6jUlIwBVSzBxuiL1caPBJ4p5OQhsf4l8/s400/2PV.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FIGURE 2: <a href="https://coalandcarbonatlas.siu.edu/coal-macerals/ma01.php" target="_blank">Pseudovitrinite </a>showing remnant woody
plant structure and the trademark slits that differentiate pseudovitrinite from
telinite. From Crelling’s Petrographic Atlas of Coals and Carbons. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVEPatpjplqSNmYuERHEa7gqDFlPdyILdIO2PUkxRnzbl2QZWCawULgmsc-m8oKVH4LVtdmRIHbtAfuwT6FeF0VUunDDG88C9FGIR1D4DBOQo8GLHHREjd_niXaYxrcsCSx0euv94kKHXx/s1600/3MaceralSheet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVEPatpjplqSNmYuERHEa7gqDFlPdyILdIO2PUkxRnzbl2QZWCawULgmsc-m8oKVH4LVtdmRIHbtAfuwT6FeF0VUunDDG88C9FGIR1D4DBOQo8GLHHREjd_niXaYxrcsCSx0euv94kKHXx/s400/3MaceralSheet.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FIGURE 3: Standard maceral point count
sheet from Jack’s lab, this one used in an Advanced Coal Petrology
Coal-of-the-Week assignment, 1983. Note the pseudovitrinite among white-light
maceral categories. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) <u>Coke petrology- applications to and understanding of fly
ash petrology</u>: Although introduced in undergraduate Coal Petrology class,
Jack’s Advanced Coal Petrology class included a larger focus on the petrography
of industrial coke, definitely a consequence of his Bethlehem Steel experience,
although his Master’s research at Penn State was on natural cokes near igneous
intrusions. One might wonder, why should I care about coke petrography if I am
never going to work for a steel company? This knowledge, I have found, can be a
valuable tool in the study of fly ash, a component in modern sediments
deposited since 1800. Counting volume of fly ash particles in Central Park
(NYC) sediments, I made notes on the “coke” texture of particles in order to
identify rank range of contributing coals (currently collecting vitrinite
reflectance data on the samples to compare that with the broader rank categories
from coke-texture). I find familiarization with coke petrography and the
physical processes of carbonization and combustion that produce structures in
coke and fly ash particulates invaluable for understanding what one is seeing
microscopically. In the last few years, the International Committee on Coal and
Organic Petrology (ICCP), the international organization responsible for
standardizing coal and organic petrology nomenclature and petrographic accreditation,
has been working on a <a href="http://www.iccop.org/workinggroup/identification-and-petrographic-classification-of-components-in-fly-ashes/" target="_blank">petrographic fly ash classification scheme</a> *. Ideally, the classification should be able to be used by petrographers based
solely on particle morphological and textural characteristics, but to apply classification
categories like “fused” and “unfused” successfully, when one is not familiar
with <a href="https://coalandcarbonatlas.siu.edu/combustion-chars/combustion-chars-tutorial.php" target="_blank">physical and chemical changes during combustion</a>, is challenging. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Fused carbons are primarily bituminous coal
vitrinites that have softened and lost any gases producing new mosaic or
ribbony textures in a solid carbon char before final combustion consumption;
unfused carbons are inert macerals, anthracites, rogue unburnt vitrinite.) Not
all coal and organic petrographers get coke or combustion education as part of
their coursework or training, but due to Jack’s steel industry employment, I luckily
received more thorough instruction than many! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Photomicrographs here are from <a href="https://coalandcarbonatlas.siu.edu/index.php" target="_blank">Crelling’s Petrographic Atlas of Coals and Carbons</a> on the Southern Illinois University,
Dept. of Geology, website, a useful reference tool Jack created.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrfgAhD7ZIBjG2zURjWH0IyFlXUmBiG0O7NTofUr9yYQ2KOBL27Pj7Jgm4sj9APBHHx1fLWKXJXkqesGSoR8Vx-b7loq17KiI0JKGNIpx0T2OKJNgwlynV04KvP3_i71qH057ftaaWomT/s1600/5FlyAshChar+c04+hires.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="640" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrfgAhD7ZIBjG2zURjWH0IyFlXUmBiG0O7NTofUr9yYQ2KOBL27Pj7Jgm4sj9APBHHx1fLWKXJXkqesGSoR8Vx-b7loq17KiI0JKGNIpx0T2OKJNgwlynV04KvP3_i71qH057ftaaWomT/s400/5FlyAshChar+c04+hires.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FIGURE 4: <a href="https://coalandcarbonatlas.siu.edu/combustion-chars/c04.php" target="_blank">Combustion char </a>with mosaic texture. From
Crelling’s Petrographic Atlas of Coals and Carbons.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8mT5F10maFMd6wSWC0Urho59mWP7Z9qf82bvEoYLLYc2JVchRh0MhK9rPUjIjmLFKTuOnjPOw2g1W39ISdGiBoAUFC70PV1MZJ5imbqRook4jHHHtMJiLoHyWA-yinDDYXUjdCgPoKm93/s1600/6m06+hires.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="640" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8mT5F10maFMd6wSWC0Urho59mWP7Z9qf82bvEoYLLYc2JVchRh0MhK9rPUjIjmLFKTuOnjPOw2g1W39ISdGiBoAUFC70PV1MZJ5imbqRook4jHHHtMJiLoHyWA-yinDDYXUjdCgPoKm93/s400/6m06+hires.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FIGURE 5: <a href="https://coalandcarbonatlas.siu.edu/metallurgical-cokes/m06.php" target="_blank">Metallurgic coke from high volatile bituminous coal showing mosaic texture</a>. From Crelling’s Petrographic Atlas of
Coals and Carbons.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">*Benedict, L.G., R.R. Thompson, J.J. Shigo III
and R.P. Aikman, 1968, Pseudovitrinite in Appalachian coking coals: Fuel, v.
47, p. 125-143.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Crelling, J.C., 1986, The occurrence and
properties of pseudovitrinite (abs): Abstracts and Program, The Society for Organic
Petrology (TSOP), 3<sup>rd</sup> annual meeting, Calgary, p. 28-29. <a href="http://archives.datapages.com/data/tsop/TSOPv3_1986/crelling.htm" target="_blank">http://archives.datapages.com/data/tsop/TSOPv3_1986/crelling.htm</a>
(page 28 only; accessed February 2019)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kaegi, D.D., 1985, On the identification and
origin of pseudovitrinite: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 4, p.
309-319.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Suárez-Ruiz, I., Valentim, B.,
Borrego, A.G., Bouzinos, A., Flores, D., Kalaitzidis, S., Malinconico, M. L.,
Marques, M., Misz-Kennan, M., Predeanu, G., Montes J.R., Rodrigues, S.,
Siavalas, G., Wagner, N., 2017, Development of a petrographic classification of
fly-ash components from coal combustion and co-combustion. (An ICCP
Classification System, Fly-Ash Working Group–Commission III): International
Journal of Coal Geology, v. 183, p. 188-203. </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166516217302793" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.06.004</span></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-82051868795578015982019-02-11T15:57:00.000-05:002019-02-17T00:02:00.344-05:00Bethlehem Steel 1: Virtual tour of the blast furnaces along Hoover-Mason trestle walkway<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
summer (2018), arriving early for a movie at the <a href="http://www.artsquest.org/steelstacks/" target="_blank">ArtsQuest</a> Center
at SteelStacks <a href="https://www.steelstacks.org/">https://www.steelstacks.org/</a>
in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, I was surprised to see the elevated walkway over
the old <a href="https://www.steelstacks.org/about/venues-at-steelstacks/hoover-mason-trestle/" target="_blank">trestle</a>
right in front of the majestic row of closed Bethlehem Steel blast furnaces
across from the arts venue. (Steel making in Bethlehem ceased in 1995, and the
expansive industrial property along the Lehigh River has been repurposed as an
arts/entertainment/retail center.) The walkway with educational signs about the
blast furnaces and related steelmaking process has been there since about 2013,
but somehow, big events or bad weather kept me from noticing it before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not
sure when in my life I first heard of Bethlehem Steel: definitely by the time
my youngest sister attended <a href="http://lehigh.edu/" target="_blank">Lehigh University</a>, an engineering and liberal arts
school, just up the hill from the steel works in Bethlehem. She would mention
the huge completed I-beams that would tie up traffic as they tried to make
their way out of town. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eleven
years after her graduation, we moved to Easton, immediately east of Bethlehem
and the smallest of the Lehigh Valley’s three cities: Allentown, Bethlehem,
Easton. Although non-local media outlets sometimes call the area “Philadelphia
suburbs”, and many do commute daily 50-60 miles to Philadelphia, we are also 65
miles straight due west of New York City with a significant population
commuting to the “Big Apple”. Scranton/Wilkes Barre in the northern anthracite
belt is ~75 miles north. The Lehigh Valley during colonial and growing
industrialization of the 19<sup>th</sup> century became an industrial hub due
to river and canal access along the Lehigh and Delaware rivers connecting the
anthracite fields, markets of Philadelphia/NYC, and its own mills and
factories. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" target="_blank">Steelmaking began in Bethlehem in the mid-1800’s</a>. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prior
to moving to the Lehigh Valley, we lived in Carbondale, Illinois, where I
worked part-time in the <a href="https://geology.siu.edu/research/facilities.php" target="_blank">coal petrology lab</a>, <a href="https://geology.siu.edu/index.php" target="_blank">Geology Department</a>, <a href="https://siu.edu/" target="_blank">Southern Illinois University</a>. The lab director, from whom I also took courses in Coal
Petrology and Advanced Coal Petrology, had worked several years in the
Bethlehem Steel research labs characterizing coals for coke-making and specific
parameters that would well-predict the behavior of a coal in both coke ovens
and the resultant coke in the blast furnaces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
was fortunate to get a tour of Bethlehem Steel works in 1990 while it was still
operating. We visited the Basic Oxygen Furnace and a rolling mill, escorted by
a retired employee. And a few years later, on a grad school field trip to
various outcrops of the Late Triassic Lockatong lacustrine black shales of the
Newark basin, we ended up in New Jersey right under the George Washington
Bridge (crossing the Hudson River between New York City and New Jersey) with
Bethlehem Steel boldly stamped on the lower girders of the west suspension
tower.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So
here is a virtual tour of the blast furnaces along the <a href="https://www.steelstacks.org/about/venues-at-steelstacks/hoover-mason-trestle/" target="_blank">Hoover-Mason Trestle walkway</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the eponymous site of Bethlehem Steel.
(All photos without citation are by me.):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH-0MZZfhur7apm7Z2NCXu6GmzLsCMnrEx5u9xTF9dQjYkFOkKa2_y6RJjd2KDWfP6KE1I08F6YXzaGzNKe-tHr7yfKZ_aaSCZFFAeMSUtUHzm7iFq45WqOafKCo_iJ_NUeGBWe-opY6QQ/s1600/1A-BethWorks+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="1600" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH-0MZZfhur7apm7Z2NCXu6GmzLsCMnrEx5u9xTF9dQjYkFOkKa2_y6RJjd2KDWfP6KE1I08F6YXzaGzNKe-tHr7yfKZ_aaSCZFFAeMSUtUHzm7iFq45WqOafKCo_iJ_NUeGBWe-opY6QQ/s400/1A-BethWorks+Map.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure 1A: Map-
Bethworks master plan (~2013) for transforming the Bethlehem Steel site to
arts/entertainment area from </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://stream-hugger.blogspot.com/2013/01/going-brown-when-going-green-is-bad.html">http://stream-hugger.blogspot.com/2013/01/going-brown-when-going-green-is-bad.html</a><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://stream-hugger.blogspot.com/2013/01/going-brown-when-going-green-is-bad.html" target="_blank"> http://stream-hugger.blogspot.com/2013/01/going-brown-when-going-green-is-bad.html </a>. The blast furnaces are in light brown at the central
north of the map, bordering the Lehigh River (click to enlarge).</span></span>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK4xvcMpD-r8fJPZtA0NK-3jbsMs5OWdSd4n-XbFtsXZMPv1WFJTaUgXGd3kCKDQHs8tZXn7ujJB7VY9Atw5psGMhmNEXPmOn0l0BKcnlcgFmz0MdqjqhY1-5H5KMgM_GadXCQC_AIUHGN/s1600/1B-bethsteelmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="1600" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK4xvcMpD-r8fJPZtA0NK-3jbsMs5OWdSd4n-XbFtsXZMPv1WFJTaUgXGd3kCKDQHs8tZXn7ujJB7VY9Atw5psGMhmNEXPmOn0l0BKcnlcgFmz0MdqjqhY1-5H5KMgM_GadXCQC_AIUHGN/s400/1B-bethsteelmap.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 1B: Map- <a href="http://www.brokenbushandroundtop.com/bethlehemsteel/bethmap_page.html" target="_blank">Bethlehem Steel works from 1979</a>. Note location of brown-colored ore yard (now Sands Casino), red basic oxygen
furnace on right (now industrial park), red blast furnaces (center).</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjreEFdTE5y40VWaghUfgQZQYtOmxzpG3IsRRq-5zwer03ah64iNpo-oUf9OuRTGtC6hgjNpJZXEfCODIsaYg1ESvtKvuJJzZ36_KDQ3NL_Ynou-rg3SLEmky8QUBl0YAa0cl3Cs79kJ4Vu/s1600/1C-BlastFurnaceDiagDong.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1460" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjreEFdTE5y40VWaghUfgQZQYtOmxzpG3IsRRq-5zwer03ah64iNpo-oUf9OuRTGtC6hgjNpJZXEfCODIsaYg1ESvtKvuJJzZ36_KDQ3NL_Ynou-rg3SLEmky8QUBl0YAa0cl3Cs79kJ4Vu/s400/1C-BlastFurnaceDiagDong.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
2: General diagram of a blast furnace operation (Dong, 2008*).</span>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QyyBqjBfBNoNX7hnweOO-qPnLW9G1lctwkxcoK7fDiEHgGED63LF7n0OmirGOsornRhq3hqCS9soSRVPzQYdr5-9bMeBL0jGTx4Zqksd3cvswOBrl1sBCXTCfaH0weLMMKpSTnkfT0gN/s1600/1LongBlastFurn2E.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QyyBqjBfBNoNX7hnweOO-qPnLW9G1lctwkxcoK7fDiEHgGED63LF7n0OmirGOsornRhq3hqCS9soSRVPzQYdr5-9bMeBL0jGTx4Zqksd3cvswOBrl1sBCXTCfaH0weLMMKpSTnkfT0gN/s400/1LongBlastFurn2E.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
3:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bethlehem Steel blast furnaces
looking east. There are 5 blast furnaces, A-E (see Figure 1B). The A furnace is
the three-stack one on the left. Brick building on the left is the Visitors
Center; in the center of the photo are the steps up to the Hoover-Mason Trestle
walkway.</span>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hT0V_Cjklu10BPMWLUOARDETY0zUC5vmjkxTYUsctPZhHhW-0u_YDanBcIBIXkj4dXdDgr4JX_0XKUQSOgsMwyhJHq9zYYNljR3eyj3p_CZ8e2iby4KZIaNVh_vzEgIuA7tGyyrcU4ov/s1600/2BlastFurnLong2Wdk.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hT0V_Cjklu10BPMWLUOARDETY0zUC5vmjkxTYUsctPZhHhW-0u_YDanBcIBIXkj4dXdDgr4JX_0XKUQSOgsMwyhJHq9zYYNljR3eyj3p_CZ8e2iby4KZIaNVh_vzEgIuA7tGyyrcU4ov/s400/2BlastFurnLong2Wdk.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 4: Blast furnace row
looking west. One can see the silver-gray tourist walkway over the remnants of
the Hoover-Mason railroad trestle used to transport materials to furnaces.
Canopy structures at the lower left edge of the photo are part of the <a href="http://www.levittsteelstacks.org/" target="_blank">Leavitt Pavilion</a> outdoor concert venue. </span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxHKLijMx8PdHu-y190lF0OpaC7OlUPf0p0gI_a6hJt1E24t3b4-H64hPWuijJdwvmossfIiTdhNSyWk2fXtPqGQ-X0gLzMRTTh9oguO4RBwNzgM4EDFByxg2gsj-r366UjCBzmgJdh4mM/s1600/3Staircase.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxHKLijMx8PdHu-y190lF0OpaC7OlUPf0p0gI_a6hJt1E24t3b4-H64hPWuijJdwvmossfIiTdhNSyWk2fXtPqGQ-X0gLzMRTTh9oguO4RBwNzgM4EDFByxg2gsj-r366UjCBzmgJdh4mM/s400/3Staircase.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 5: Staircase up to trestle
walkway, right in front of blast furnace A. According to <a href="https://www.abandonedamerica.us/photo8257212.html" target="_blank">AbandonedAmerica</a>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“the oldest furnace is blast furnace A, which was built in
1914. It was rebuilt in 1950 and last ran in 1960. Because of its location
directly beside another blast furnace (B, which ran into the 1980s), active
mill buildings, and a busy mainline railroad, it was never demolished. ‘A’
furnace is notable because it is the only surviving blast furnace in the United
States that still has triple pass stoves”.</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1z6G7raJg_8pwLliaX6C7sINQEHg-WlJVXu0spTJ54Et4dHaYb8-6QVZDmJyKzK8zbRPdqHMXNkhdHbv7_qU0OoyI0UIC4ADsza09Yv9LFB2uLUiZ8P_AffP_qHDabpIkbUtAUH4lph72/s1600/4BlastCloseUp2E.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1z6G7raJg_8pwLliaX6C7sINQEHg-WlJVXu0spTJ54Et4dHaYb8-6QVZDmJyKzK8zbRPdqHMXNkhdHbv7_qU0OoyI0UIC4ADsza09Yv9LFB2uLUiZ8P_AffP_qHDabpIkbUtAUH4lph72/s400/4BlastCloseUp2E.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
6: Looking east from west end of elevated walkway.</span>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilIMffb4QKahX5Y0RtNe1ZIvtto0Li7ELvhb_-5KAgypDl1uGK8N73hxQVSfV0Oei2oXAePrbkZ9kHl8LhVwbRhWTz6l7oCP8K0hcHIRKd2vvsgWfTuPxhJ993dxla4DhkPwKXJmYLveV4/s1600/5BlastFurnaceLoadSign.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilIMffb4QKahX5Y0RtNe1ZIvtto0Li7ELvhb_-5KAgypDl1uGK8N73hxQVSfV0Oei2oXAePrbkZ9kHl8LhVwbRhWTz6l7oCP8K0hcHIRKd2vvsgWfTuPxhJ993dxla4DhkPwKXJmYLveV4/s400/5BlastFurnaceLoadSign.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
7: Educational diagram on walkway showing relationship of blast furnace to
trestle and explaining the transportation and charging of furnace with the three
“ingredients”: coke, limestone, and iron ore. Coke is a vesiculated elemental
carbon solid produced by cooking bituminous coal in ovens at high temperature.</span>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguhR_COiNJ90_JLW3jKyGqshQFeUQUBAH-bWL_A1FuTvaAh9WrkRDkTV41nVMjZMbPakk60DKHpHeJQlNDvt8x190KkAGNFKMXbKGOsQG_OnMbpt_o2zMLxJzolyGpVbi2w5H4kYNO0-UN/s1600/6TrestleCar2W.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguhR_COiNJ90_JLW3jKyGqshQFeUQUBAH-bWL_A1FuTvaAh9WrkRDkTV41nVMjZMbPakk60DKHpHeJQlNDvt8x190KkAGNFKMXbKGOsQG_OnMbpt_o2zMLxJzolyGpVbi2w5H4kYNO0-UN/s400/6TrestleCar2W.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure
8: Close-up of walkway, trestle, and old trestle car, looking west toward blast
furnace A.</span>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv_h_r1Xd9ip0KI1rACLemTv0ANa_LuqdKOUd34yk_F2bfiXiUSoJ-tcd4Q4lETCJo7o2WDxChWV2vPFRa5d_cP0_UKoj5K_6zgJzCbfl7JrVY1XtVjH5vTTw3iMhMV_H99Mv9xFtPpujU/s1600/7TrestleSign.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv_h_r1Xd9ip0KI1rACLemTv0ANa_LuqdKOUd34yk_F2bfiXiUSoJ-tcd4Q4lETCJo7o2WDxChWV2vPFRa5d_cP0_UKoj5K_6zgJzCbfl7JrVY1XtVjH5vTTw3iMhMV_H99Mv9xFtPpujU/s400/7TrestleSign.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 9: Trestle route map.
The coke works were about 2 1/2 miles ESE of the blast furnaces; the Sands
Casino was built over the old ore pits, half mile east of furnaces (see Figure
1B map).</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2sfZx5-PhtRGdD2Fonh5qd5HOJvGbWfM8SQTdNcy__lekfO3ppK87TrTjrEESGKzqiK49QbY7_CGVqGGk-eSE0rAVhRGQDWerE4hV4TBXMSkA9ARMew2AuGTBJmVe1ap3LUx6NhmFJIPU/s1600/8SkipTrack2EBlast.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2sfZx5-PhtRGdD2Fonh5qd5HOJvGbWfM8SQTdNcy__lekfO3ppK87TrTjrEESGKzqiK49QbY7_CGVqGGk-eSE0rAVhRGQDWerE4hV4TBXMSkA9ARMew2AuGTBJmVe1ap3LUx6NhmFJIPU/s400/8SkipTrack2EBlast.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 10: Blast furnace
with skip track used for hauling materials to load at top of furnace.</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCP-MsJEBpymyvoa8dqlwc00FpYdRg2WRUSF4t-1QpVgYuMJrQUePgFJ40vrLCEpKTaKD6J2cuY2wT-W2OmAFPjLafxLOhMxL2SlT-QWKROmaxnso1hFyVWYAq1HrLXCUfgG9EF_n2m2ZL/s1600/9BlastFurnXsectSign.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCP-MsJEBpymyvoa8dqlwc00FpYdRg2WRUSF4t-1QpVgYuMJrQUePgFJ40vrLCEpKTaKD6J2cuY2wT-W2OmAFPjLafxLOhMxL2SlT-QWKROmaxnso1hFyVWYAq1HrLXCUfgG9EF_n2m2ZL/s400/9BlastFurnXsectSign.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 11: Sign explaining
materials layering in blast furnace and transformation of iron-oxide ore to metallic
reduced pig iron (which has about 4% carbon). </span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKL_u_j2S-KLpnSZisvXTUYL9y3QjoLzYf5dAppUT8xiJLoVaF4nU0fzQrklvPaLFz4N0EHVKFzecDJkMbEoi7iHbrDRJu3iePATFpwBOwqgceOf_DZNheWLaAMAI_ZKfNqZvjJyN9URK/s1600/10BlastFurnaceBeth+Credit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="653" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKL_u_j2S-KLpnSZisvXTUYL9y3QjoLzYf5dAppUT8xiJLoVaF4nU0fzQrklvPaLFz4N0EHVKFzecDJkMbEoi7iHbrDRJu3iePATFpwBOwqgceOf_DZNheWLaAMAI_ZKfNqZvjJyN9URK/s400/10BlastFurnaceBeth+Credit.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 12: Working at a
blast furnace, Bethlehem Steel, Sparrows Point, Maryland, 1951 (<a href="http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2012/12/end-of-an-era-for-sparrows-points-steel-mill-look-back-at-the-baltimore-staple-through-the-years/bs-bethlehem-steel-1951-2/" target="_blank">Baltimore Sun</a>)</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIXpsgTujMkI_fA68b2GCFK7U-CXds5_cbe81ia3GuWt_mpss1KJ1AlYBchfYh7UZAfOBs3r31b4OWge2RNjFDlI2wqd0FsF_l2zx5tGoYdC9_WuEJejdEXfTRbsfyauMZ0IaJcfvHIs9K/s1600/11BOF.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="1252" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIXpsgTujMkI_fA68b2GCFK7U-CXds5_cbe81ia3GuWt_mpss1KJ1AlYBchfYh7UZAfOBs3r31b4OWge2RNjFDlI2wqd0FsF_l2zx5tGoYdC9_WuEJejdEXfTRbsfyauMZ0IaJcfvHIs9K/s400/11BOF.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 13: The basic oxygen
furnace (BOF) at Bethlehem. In a BOF, recycled steel or other additives can be
added to pig iron from the blast furnace. The BOF at Bethlehem was just west of the current casino (old ore pit location), but has been demolished,
replaced by an industrial park (see also map of Figure 1B). (Photo: <a href="https://digital.hagley.org/1986268_1_0143?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=be03584c976b0d24dcc0&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=14" target="_blank">Hagley Museum collection</a>)</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7XWGBLar5au6DoWWYxmmZARFgltTqT3Wo0bFH-4aPnr-lXvLdo1YIAUH59OfXGwGFUFgQM56VR5ZYpDEBaj8L6aHwSr22_cQetg2EvsTKHKdj81aupQxdUytWnmqpe1_Wj_-ca4169N8/s1600/12PanoBlastPBS.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="1600" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7XWGBLar5au6DoWWYxmmZARFgltTqT3Wo0bFH-4aPnr-lXvLdo1YIAUH59OfXGwGFUFgQM56VR5ZYpDEBaj8L6aHwSr22_cQetg2EvsTKHKdj81aupQxdUytWnmqpe1_Wj_-ca4169N8/s400/12PanoBlastPBS.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 14: Panoramic shot,
looking west, with Hoover-Mason Trestle walkway and blast furnaces on the right
(north) and the ArtsQuest concert/movie venue, on the left, that includes
studios and offices of the local Public Broadcasting station.</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSJ6Ic_00hqHzL6Bw9Kso52nQBLKIZXkD5E3-YUj2ktmOTmiIMxLPzsELUBK8z3wg5rhVS4eFzRxbb-Q0kWuIqTb1biougUwxw1U9KX2akNw1Ev8bKfdhcHC1VltjXrDQuYtm-DHusSSoC/s1600/13StoneWalls.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSJ6Ic_00hqHzL6Bw9Kso52nQBLKIZXkD5E3-YUj2ktmOTmiIMxLPzsELUBK8z3wg5rhVS4eFzRxbb-Q0kWuIqTb1biougUwxw1U9KX2akNw1Ev8bKfdhcHC1VltjXrDQuYtm-DHusSSoC/s400/13StoneWalls.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 15: Relict stone
walls of iron foundry (background) and possibly old plate shop (foreground), just
west of blast furnaces. (Based on map 1B and truck dock legend at <a href="http://www.brokenbushandroundtop.com/bethlehemsteel/bethmap_page.html" target="_blank">http://www.brokenbushandroundtop.com/bethlehemsteel/bethmap_page.html</a>
.)</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuxvtlxKUFjofc3CxHXoQSHbU4wA_Pxv2CJsjs76LlFRRWJ8cxVwnIVl1LexskUNFh7o1-ZwUYDDxfUyx86mmxcuKvOQHf2ZXYJk6UKb6MeP-6x5PAeEzHp0rGWMAxJ7HonKIMH2HNTN-/s1600/14SteelStacks14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuxvtlxKUFjofc3CxHXoQSHbU4wA_Pxv2CJsjs76LlFRRWJ8cxVwnIVl1LexskUNFh7o1-ZwUYDDxfUyx86mmxcuKvOQHf2ZXYJk6UKb6MeP-6x5PAeEzHp0rGWMAxJ7HonKIMH2HNTN-/s400/14SteelStacks14.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black;">Figure 16: From 2014, leaving
<a href="https://www.christmascity.org/christkindlmarkt/" target="_blank">Christkindlmarkt</a>, an annual German-tradition Christmas craft market in Bethlehem, the “Christmas
City”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the last several years, the
market has been located at the west end of the “SteelStacks” behind and next to
the Visitors Center. </span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj07P-VEJXXlU73tbaBkERURSgBhkxPJlQBKn0L0wQpgC1ZhpviNL0OPlZrAX2fA8Wzwps3_OemTLsvtsKZEqZsURo-gP93BxKEhoYdIVZiN8sAEtJhYSTJM5MUUArIsdS2mWZOLY89kHtC/s1600/IMG_1879.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj07P-VEJXXlU73tbaBkERURSgBhkxPJlQBKn0L0wQpgC1ZhpviNL0OPlZrAX2fA8Wzwps3_OemTLsvtsKZEqZsURo-gP93BxKEhoYdIVZiN8sAEtJhYSTJM5MUUArIsdS2mWZOLY89kHtC/s400/IMG_1879.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure
17: Blast furnace A illuminated at night.</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="color: black;">To finish your virtual
visit, there is a great DRONE FLYOVER of the SteelStacks from 2016 on YouTube
at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HPwX4pB_Qo">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HPwX4pB_Qo</a>
.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
* Citation for Figure 2 diagram: Dong, Shan Ning, 2008, <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Development of Analytical Methods
for Characterizing Metallurgical Coke and the Injectant Coal Chars, Tars and
Soots Formed during Blast Furnace Operation (dissertation)</span><span style="color: black;">, Department of Chemical Engineering</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "ms mincho" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> </span><span style="color: black;">, Imperial College London of
Science, Technology and Medicine, 204 pages (Figure 2-1) (</span><i><u><span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/1329/1/Dong-SN-2008-PhD-Thesis.pdf">https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/1329/1/Dong-SN-2008-PhD-Thesis.pdf</a></span></u></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ) </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-72262321276705288412018-11-28T11:02:00.005-05:002023-12-27T10:25:05.424-05:00Lepidodendron (scale trees): Link to great blog post on these Carboniferous giants<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">At the time of this
writing, the wallpaper of my blog is a snapshot of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepidodendron</i> bark. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepidodendron</i>
is an extinct genus of Carboniferous age (<a href="https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Education_Careers/Geologic_Time_Scale/GSA/timescale/home.aspx" target="_blank">358.9-298.9 million years ago</a> [Ma])
giant trees (AKA scale trees) common in swamps that eventually were preserved
as major coal deposits. Its stylized bark is quite artistically attractive,
rather Art Deco in design.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica";">Yesterday I read a great
informative blog post on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepidodendron</i>
(<a href="http://www.indefenseofplants.com/blog/2018/11/13/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-scale-trees" target="_blank">http://www.indefenseofplants.com/blog/2018/11/13/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-scale-trees</a>),
describing the growth, reproduction, habitat, and demise of these majestic (100
foot/ 30 meter) land plants. The post includes origin of the bark design: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 10pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 10pt;">The name ‘scale tree’ stems from the
fossilized remains of their bark, which resembles reptile skin more than it
does anything botanical. Fossilized trunk and stem casts are adorned with
diamond shaped impressions arranged in rows of ascending spirals. These are not
scales, of course, but rather they are leaf scars. In life, scale trees were
adorned with long, needle-like leaves, each with a single vein for plumbing.
Before they started branching, young trees would have resembled a bushy, green
bottle brush.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That blog post also includes
a very sharp photo of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepidodendron</i>
bark, the roots with their own fascinating pattern (stigmaria), and drawings of
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepidodendron</i> species, growth stages,
and forest environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Below</b> <b>are two photos</b>
I took of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepidodendron</i> for my blog
wallpaper. The sample is in the mineralogy collection of the <a href="https://geology.lafayette.edu/" target="_blank">Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Lafayette College</a>, Easton, Pennsylvania.
The sample is from the Llewellyn Formation, the younger of two Pennsylvanian-age
coal-bearing formations (older= Pottsville Formation) in the eastern
Pennsylvania anthracite coalfields. The <a href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/carboniferous/carboniferous.php" target="_blank">Pennsylvanian subsystem (323.2-298.9Ma) is the term for the late Carboniferous in North America</a>.
The Llewellyn itself was deposited between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Formation" target="_blank">308-300 Ma</a>.
The Llewellyn Formation also contains the famous St. Clair fossil fern locality. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo4Tg3FVM8k9uRiW6yJNyZjdjTNQHZa2Plq56zczOZPevJ2HF6XIu4t4fxeW5aU8V84_HXy7O8tDPUdxrZWLKuuX9MsNlb3qRvMuMJ3ogyy9zOWTvsG6JmPV7kW78n6AvDZapYxQannPiQ/s1600/Lepido1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo4Tg3FVM8k9uRiW6yJNyZjdjTNQHZa2Plq56zczOZPevJ2HF6XIu4t4fxeW5aU8V84_HXy7O8tDPUdxrZWLKuuX9MsNlb3qRvMuMJ3ogyy9zOWTvsG6JmPV7kW78n6AvDZapYxQannPiQ/s400/Lepido1.JPG" width="300" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUgbwxhCYzFHoEJxGGihPQwDcbsPE8z_uLNNhr57AZUdy9PcvrEWQ-5BbuaTSPLS0r4Kg567ShgB3FSYBCkr-1ee4cv5jxbydoQd5S_9oEYXDr7SLbr8YVV2oJFmyX0QDN_Qo9mCcg7F7o/s1600/Lepido2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUgbwxhCYzFHoEJxGGihPQwDcbsPE8z_uLNNhr57AZUdy9PcvrEWQ-5BbuaTSPLS0r4Kg567ShgB3FSYBCkr-1ee4cv5jxbydoQd5S_9oEYXDr7SLbr8YVV2oJFmyX0QDN_Qo9mCcg7F7o/s400/Lepido2.JPG" width="300" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For an academic,
rather than chatty, description of the St. Clair fossil locality (plus
anthracite region mining, stratigraphy, fossils), I recommend two guidebooks: 1)
<a href="https://www.fcopg.org/_files/ugd/e9c798_e90e11ed342a4616a0488f8d6249a585.pdf" target="_blank">2015 guidebook</a> to the Southern and Western Anthracite Fields by the Field
Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; Stop 12, page 237,
is the St. Clair fossil site; 2) 1992 The Society for Organic Petrology (TSOP)
guidebook to <u>The Anthracite Basins of Eastern Pennsylvania</u> (USGS Open File
Report #92-568; (</span><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0568/report.pdf" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 12pt;">https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0568/report.pdf</span></i><span style="color: blue;"></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>)); the St. Clair locality is Stop 5, page 65.
Both guidebooks include references to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepidodendron</i>
throughout.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-45362665023006534442018-11-09T16:50:00.003-05:002019-02-14T23:30:34.330-05:00Mineral sublimates on steaming culm (coal waste) heaps in NE Pennsylvania: one of Dr. Robert Finkelman’s (USGS) contributions in a career on trace element chemistry in coal <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I have been
aware of mineral sublimates (materials or minerals formed by direct solid deposition
from gas) for a long time from research of friends and colleagues at Dartmouth
College on fumarolic sublimates at Izalco volcano in El Salvador. Early
collection of minerals there occurred in the 1960’s before and after the 1966
eruption of Izalco*. Vanadates and copper vanadate minerals were found among
the sublimates, including several newly identified minerals. For a few of the
new sublimates, I, having <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/blackis-black-although-this-sentiment.html" target="_blank">microscope reflectance measurement experience through coal petrography work</a>,
contributed the mineral reflectivity data required for naming new opaque
minerals.**</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6rFk5czvAxjVPgbQ14vAgFDCUB8OZxw86qbDykLv1RN3KUwDEkTVfUba8lF3iXTCfDl7smxdtR-pdVfHQw8-ed-qb0WqXMC-eH7CtffxsCXl1xX0eLxgUZLHmwYHR8B9A3fkbeIEP9CXE/s1600/1IzalcoSI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="640" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6rFk5czvAxjVPgbQ14vAgFDCUB8OZxw86qbDykLv1RN3KUwDEkTVfUba8lF3iXTCfDl7smxdtR-pdVfHQw8-ed-qb0WqXMC-eH7CtffxsCXl1xX0eLxgUZLHmwYHR8B9A3fkbeIEP9CXE/s320/1IzalcoSI.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Izalco volcano, El Salvador (this photo and one below from <a href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=343030" target="_blank">Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program</a>)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIuFNue45ZJrtR-6b7k7jmc2RHOfFoHr6pN4W5bk6Zln8jj57KDWvvwBWSQx6hX_ciPCl_WVwgIjSjNLecixfpSlFuYGjsFuFBsMS213pagKsrWw7v-V4shLQb_8_ium58Gh7jGoCeWSMM/s1600/2FumaroleSI.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="1358" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIuFNue45ZJrtR-6b7k7jmc2RHOfFoHr6pN4W5bk6Zln8jj57KDWvvwBWSQx6hX_ciPCl_WVwgIjSjNLecixfpSlFuYGjsFuFBsMS213pagKsrWw7v-V4shLQb_8_ium58Gh7jGoCeWSMM/s320/2FumaroleSI.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On Monday,
November 5, 2017, at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, I
attended the initial <a href="https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2018AM/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/319873" target="_blank">biographical presentation by Dr. Harvey Belkin</a> in a session honoring Bob Finkelman (US Geological Survey) for his career in inorganic
trace element chemistry of coals and related contributions to the understanding
<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/3427" target="_blank">health issues of trace element exposure during mining or home coal use</a>.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Belkin
related that one of Finkelman’s early publications (1987; citation below) was
on his description of new mineral, downeyite, the first confirmed natural occurrence
of selenium oxide. <a href="https://www.mindat.org/min-1315.html" target="_blank">Downeyite</a></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">is a sublimate formed near a
hot gas vent, but not at a volcano: it was found on a burning culm heap in the
Northern Anthracite field of Pennsylvania! Piled coal or coal waste can smolder
or spontaneously combust. I previously wrote in 2015 about<a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2015/03/pennsylvania-anthracite-culm-heaps.html" target="_blank"> culm heap fires in northeastern Pennsylvania</a>, and evidence that a <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2015/04/steady-roar-thundered-across-water-as.html" target="_blank">coal fire in one of the coal bunkers on the Titanic</a> was a possible reason for the speed of passage
(easiest way to stop a bunker coal fire is to shovel down and use up coal).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWv2zbz81G7oJTyPNoX5DMetfhkoJZPfzVOz30u9iRZ28Lm8IehUL5XL73gSB5gjZuB8l3mD9uZebP0Aydl-U6AeLRrwxFPPxqlhvWkYg8vdJhQpP8oa6auq9hShBhM-ZYOBr8NoGiIRBa/s1600/Fell+Township+culm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="700" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWv2zbz81G7oJTyPNoX5DMetfhkoJZPfzVOz30u9iRZ28Lm8IehUL5XL73gSB5gjZuB8l3mD9uZebP0Aydl-U6AeLRrwxFPPxqlhvWkYg8vdJhQpP8oa6auq9hShBhM-ZYOBr8NoGiIRBa/s320/Fell+Township+culm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fell Township, PA, coal waste dump fire, February 2014. (The Scranton Times-Tribune)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ9IuLZUMSH9yZAWMq-kkRMDqcZl1d-TRKfX_NoWnDxaTcAl0CSNaunF1tI7r7_SjzquftkLvfLWbjIGdhy9Bnj91dBwYHFsOzzCDdW-M6p8AkmB6WK7qqv-1Z8Ec4wE7vRkEOwOccMY5r/s1600/4Forestville+homes.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1082" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ9IuLZUMSH9yZAWMq-kkRMDqcZl1d-TRKfX_NoWnDxaTcAl0CSNaunF1tI7r7_SjzquftkLvfLWbjIGdhy9Bnj91dBwYHFsOzzCDdW-M6p8AkmB6WK7qqv-1Z8Ec4wE7vRkEOwOccMY5r/s320/4Forestville+homes.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Forestville coal dump where downeyite first found. (From PA Geological Survey, Mineral Resource Report 78, 1980)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Downeyite
is acicular, colorless and extremely hygroscopic, so, as described in <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/62/3-4/316/40741/downeyite-the-first-verified-natural-occurrence-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">Finkelman and Mrose</a> (1977), must be immediately put in a desiccator upon removal
from the hot dry vent environment. Temperatures where downeyite was deposited
were 190-230˚C. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over twenty other
minerals found at “anthracite smokers”, as vents of hot gas on culm heaps or
over underground mine fires are called (Stracher, 1995), are detailed in
Pennsylvania Geologic Survey Mineral Resource Report 78 (citation and download
link below), including crystals of elemental selenium. That report indeed does cite
the similar occurrence of sublimates at volcanic fumaroles including Izalco!</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWollkEeFl0VpM3NPwJwvYLa022vOZMWsDI0arDuuxfooLq0E3JPSgT6Z66mKfWXez__M0E1-35A12HOmnD5GPjwkmlC8PaFOxycBrSXZdeqTc9K5VaGBTtlujhtNuZ7KdU4mB_lmgf5mL/s1600/3Downeyite.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="884" data-original-width="822" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWollkEeFl0VpM3NPwJwvYLa022vOZMWsDI0arDuuxfooLq0E3JPSgT6Z66mKfWXez__M0E1-35A12HOmnD5GPjwkmlC8PaFOxycBrSXZdeqTc9K5VaGBTtlujhtNuZ7KdU4mB_lmgf5mL/s320/3Downeyite.png" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(From PA Geological Survey, Mineral Resource Report 78, 1980)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finkelman,
“Anthracite smoker” references</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Finkelman, R. B., Mrose, M. E.,
1977, Downeyite, the first verified natural occurrence of SeO2: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Mineralogist</i>, v. 62, n. 3-4, p.
316-320. (</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/62/3-4/316/40741/downeyite-the-first-verified-natural-occurrence-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/62/3-4/316/40741/downeyite-the-first-verified-natural-occurrence-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="highwire-citation-author" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Finkelman</span></span><span class="highwire-citation-authors" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="highwire-citation-author"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Robert B., Belkin</span></span></span><span class="highwire-citation-authors" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span></span><span class="highwire-citation-author" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Harvey E., and Zheng, Baoshan, 1999, Health impacts of domestic coal use in China: <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS)</i>,</span></span><span class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author"> </span></span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-date"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">v. </span></span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">96, n. 7, p.</span></span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">3427-3431.</span></span></span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/3427" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/3427)</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lapham,
Davis M., Barnes, John H., Downey, Wayne F., Jr., Finkelman, Robert B., 1980,
Mineralogy associate with burning anthracite deposits of Eastern Pennsylvania: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mineral Resource Report 78</i>, Pennsylvania
Geological Survey, Fourth Series, Harrisburg, 92 pages. (Can download from this
page- scroll down to “M 78”: <a href="http://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/topogeo/publications/pgspub/mineral/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/topogeo/publications/pgspub/mineral/index.htm</a>
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stracher,
Glenn, B., 1995, The anthracite smokers of eastern
Pennsylvania: P<sub>S2(g) </sub>-T stability diagram by TL analysis: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><i>Mathematical Geology</i>, </span>v. 7, n. 4,
p. 499-511 (<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02084424" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02084424</a>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Izalco
references</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">*Rose,
W. I., Stoiber, R. E., 1969, The 1966 eruption of Izalco Volcano, El Salvador: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Geophysical Research</i>, v. 74,
n. 12, p. 3119- 3130.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stoiber,
R. E., Rose, W. I., Jr., 1974, Fumarole incrustations at active Central
American volcanoes: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta</i>, v. 38, p. 495-516.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">**Hughes, J. M.,
Drexler, J. W., Campana, C. F., Malinconico, M. L., 1988, Howardevansite, (Na,
K)CuFe<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">2</span>(VO<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">4</span>)<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">3</span>, a new
fumarolic sublimate from Izalco Volcano, El Salvador, Descriptive mineralogy
and crystal structure: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American
Mineralogist</i>, v. 73, p. 181-186.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hughes, J. M.,
Starkey, S.,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Malinconico, M. L., and
Malinconico, L. L., Jr., 1987, Lyonsite, Cu<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">3</span>Fe<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">4</span>(VO<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">4</span>)O<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">6</span>, a new fumarolic sublimate from
Izalco Volcano, El Salvador, Descriptive mineralogy and crystal structure: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Mineralogist</i>, v. 72, p. 1000-1005.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Robinson, P. D.,
Hughes, J. M., Malinconico, M. L<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b>,
1987, Blossite, alpha-Cu <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">2</span>V<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">2</span>O<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">7</span>, a new
fumarolic sublimate from Izalco Volcano, El Salvador, Descriptive mineralogy
and crystal structure:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> American
Mineralogist</i>, v. 72, p. 397-400.</span></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
span.highwire-citation-authors
{mso-style-name:highwire-citation-authors;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.highwire-citation-author
{mso-style-name:highwire-citation-author;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.highwire-cite-metadata-date
{mso-style-name:highwire-cite-metadata-date;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.highwire-cite-metadata-volume
{mso-style-name:highwire-cite-metadata-volume;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.highwire-cite-metadata-issue
{mso-style-name:highwire-cite-metadata-issue;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.highwire-cite-metadata-pages
{mso-style-name:highwire-cite-metadata-pages;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.highwire-cite-metadata-doi
{mso-style-name:highwire-cite-metadata-doi;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-65382745418282165232018-03-08T23:41:00.007-05:002021-03-12T17:39:13.339-05:00Pioneering Women in (Petroleum) Geology: 2017 professional society events and "Anomalies" by Robbie Rice Gries<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Arial;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711037 9 0 511 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
span.object
{mso-style-name:object;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Among featured events last
April at the 2017 annual convention of the American Association of Petroleum
Geologists (AAPG), celebrating the society's 100th anniversary, was the women's
forum, "<a href="http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/2017/04/aapg-celebrates-pioneering-women-in-petroleum-geology/" target="_blank">Pioneering Women in Petroleum Geology: 100 years</a>"</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sponsored by <a href="https://www.aapg.org/womens-network" target="_blank">PROWESS</a> (PROfessional Women in
Earth ScienceS);
a talk by Robbie Rice Gries*, first woman AAPG President (2001-02), in the History of
Petroleum Geology symposium; and a signing event for Gries' book, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1691347633"><i><span id="goog_1691347634"></span></i></a></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://store.aapg.org/detail.aspx?id=1289" target="_blank">Anomalies: Pioneering Women in Petroleum Geology, 1917-2017</a><span id="goog_1691347635"></span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_z6YoumFzIc50dUx3rmeZ1jhdXhN5cZ32B2EIzVm5g4abOVoPlSdvAaXHi-NlyLP_IojlQm27nwvsuXiZsR1IcN7NCU_R0RjguwA1dKhgzC2VwQiHd3U10d38lhofIA_uqwNTkdFlTRfV/s1600/1Gries+Anomalies.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="1248" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_z6YoumFzIc50dUx3rmeZ1jhdXhN5cZ32B2EIzVm5g4abOVoPlSdvAaXHi-NlyLP_IojlQm27nwvsuXiZsR1IcN7NCU_R0RjguwA1dKhgzC2VwQiHd3U10d38lhofIA_uqwNTkdFlTRfV/s320/1Gries+Anomalies.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Robbie Rice Gries signing
copies of her book, <i>Anomalies</i>, at the AAPG Exhibit booth during Geological
Society of America annual meeting, October 2017 (photo by AAPG on Twitter) </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I missed the symposium,
attending in a short course instead, but enjoyed Gries' subsequent talk,
<a href="http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/abstracts/html/2017/90291ace/abstracts/2614420.html" target="_blank">"Three Women Provide the Profound Exploration Technology Breakthrough of the 1920s"</a>, on three oil-company micropaleontologists working in the Gulf coast
in the 1920's.
</span><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;">Gries’ also wrote biographies of
the three women in </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anomalies</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;"> and in an article, </span></i><a href="https://explorer.aapg.org/issue/articleid/36988/october-2017" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three Women, One Breakthrough,</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;"> in the October 2017 AAPG </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Explorer</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;"> (starting page 20).</span></i>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUp5cX1pfy7gSWj1btVf3EKE3YG2g12c6EHLbUFQkXw_Mx_s6PFW6KqyLXP2NJQ_GZjqdJPYijhX0xwAXZKjUWEuVq4abQk0DudLoX1VOuRuHcwBm-GlLTXmqtYyeXwo6pzdlYDdIbEE3x/s1600/2Globigerina.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUp5cX1pfy7gSWj1btVf3EKE3YG2g12c6EHLbUFQkXw_Mx_s6PFW6KqyLXP2NJQ_GZjqdJPYijhX0xwAXZKjUWEuVq4abQk0DudLoX1VOuRuHcwBm-GlLTXmqtYyeXwo6pzdlYDdIbEE3x/s320/2Globigerina.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My
drawing of planktonic microfossil Globigerina from a lab exercise in graduate carbonate petrology
class, Southern Illinois University, 1987</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
micropaleontologists, Esther Richards Applin (Rio Bravo Oil), Alva Ellisor
(Humble), and Hedwig Kniker (The Texas Company) worked for different oil companies,
but shared the same apartment in Houston. Their employers were part of a
four-company paleontological consortium originally established by Rio Bravo Oil
with the consortium lab headquartered at Rio Bravo. However, other companies of
the consortium quickly set up their own labs. The women became pioneers in
using microfossils for stratigraphic correlation. They were originally hired to
use macrofossils, mollusks primarily, to unravel the stratigraphy of the US
Gulf coast. But, they determined that the destruction or only partial recovery
of mollusks in well cuttings during drilling was a hindrance. Microfossils,
however, provided a solution, and they found foraminifera to be not as unvaried
through geologic time as previously believed. Their seminal presentation on
Gulf Coast stratigraphic correlation using microfossils was in <span class="object">December 1921</span> at the 13<sup>th</sup> annual Paleontological
Society meeting, held during the Geological Society of America (GSA) annual
meeting in Amherst, Massachusetts. The paper was single-authored by E.T.
Dumble of Rio Bravo Oil, founder of the original 4-company paleontology
consortium, but was read by Esther Richards, the first consortium
paleontologist (she married geologist Applin in 1923). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;">Richards-Applin
also read the preceding paper by eminent male foraminiferal paleontologist, J. A.
Cushman, who stood in the back of the room (as recounted by Richards-Applin in
Todd, 1985**). Cushman was also coming to the same conclusions as Applin,
Ellisor, and Kniker, although it is difficult to determine this from the short
entry in the meeting proceedings pictured below. At the end of Richards’ presentation of the Dumble paper, J.
J. Galloway of Columbia University condescendingly responded with convictions
of the day, both in terms of foram paleontology and women scientists, “Gentlemen,
here is this chit of a girl right out of college, telling us that we can use
foraminifera to determine the age of formation. Gentlemen, you know it can’t be
done.” (Gries, AAPG Explorer, Oct. 2017). Cushman remained silent, despite this
challenge (Todd, 1985). Knowing Galloway’s retort, it is interesting to note
that while complete abstracts or synopses of talks by other speakers are
included in the GSA Bulletin (volume 33), which covered the proceedings of the
meeting, the entries pictured below for the two Cushman/Dumble/Richards-Applin talks are
frustratingly uninformative and short. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIHiHMWOkpARtJ01XN1ADP_d8mPr0t_AwjtAOSsUS6LIL5w6y_8XzC1D2zkYReVZfrP5CYq81SDSqXZactrST3c6ck2bgrbi9oQtu56suxJfWU4da63sE2yFDgUPkvXSHD-VeWhWhRNaxc/s1600/4Snap1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="684" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIHiHMWOkpARtJ01XN1ADP_d8mPr0t_AwjtAOSsUS6LIL5w6y_8XzC1D2zkYReVZfrP5CYq81SDSqXZactrST3c6ck2bgrbi9oQtu56suxJfWU4da63sE2yFDgUPkvXSHD-VeWhWhRNaxc/s320/4Snap1.png" width="320" /></a></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggACEHXHfQxTsERnda6NhJhKSTQbAwPnHHp4NF3FXwh6K7e82CiOSGNFfVLFjfv5tN_l45Zmsn2zeo9qj0aZPhncybeMMe5Gk79l8pXJyDCy57nId7xRbwxSVxE7Be1XYGkthWAQ_u4az9/s1600/3GSA-PS1921+combo.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="1166" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggACEHXHfQxTsERnda6NhJhKSTQbAwPnHHp4NF3FXwh6K7e82CiOSGNFfVLFjfv5tN_l45Zmsn2zeo9qj0aZPhncybeMMe5Gk79l8pXJyDCy57nId7xRbwxSVxE7Be1XYGkthWAQ_u4az9/s320/3GSA-PS1921+combo.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Entire entry for Cushman and Dumble papers, both read by Esther Richards, Bulletin of the Geological Society
of America, vol. 33, "Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the
Paleontological Society" p. 206-207</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;">However, Gries
writes that a year later Galloway had changed his mind, and, within 3 years, there
were “oil industry jobs for 300 micropaleontologists and . . .
micropaleontology courses in 31 geology departments.” Gries reminds us that at
this time, the 1920’s, the only subsurface information available in oil
exploration was well cuttings. Ruth Todd, herself a </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Todd_(researcher)" target="_blank">leading figure in the field of foraminiferal research</a>”,<i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;">
did give Richards, Kniker and Ellisor credit for “being among the first” to use
forams in oil exploration, in <a href="https://paleobiology.si.edu/cushman/biographies/1985-Ruth-Todd-chapter-GSA-Volume.pdf" target="_blank">her 1985 biography of Cushman</a>. However, in some
histories of the development of micropaleontology, the three pioneering
industry micropaleontologists became <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4846340/?ref_=nv_sr_3" target="_blank">“Hidden Figures”</a>, with the role of male
practitioners highlighted instead (Gries, AAPG Explorer). </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Including the selections on
Richards-Applin, Kniker and Ellisor, Gries' book, <i>Anomalies</i>, highlights
~140 women in the earth science field of petroleum geology, covering the 100
years (1917-2017) of AAPG's existence and the early entrée of women geologists
into the petroleum industry. The format is a series of biographies and
autobiographical statements, ranging in length from half a page to several
pages each. Although focusing on women in the petroleum industry, the book is
relevant to the career journey, access, and hurdles of professional women and
scientists through the 20th century and into the 21st. One hundred of these
women were also highlighted on a display wall during both the 2017 AAPG annual
meeting and the October annual meeting of the Geological Society of America
(Gries is also GSA President-elect, June 2017-18; GSA President, June 2018-19).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRzrr0vB-WfhoXBFNIeFtcy1rPaWlnSM13Yz2um58QR1oHfkLCL-xPVVRI9WZvtRaGebY9QLMzY5YHBRt2iIwhWaCDr5Q0_K3d6JDetH-Uj-oYgSTa2ZnWG3vpmisLbKe1UUOkNgl0D4jo/s1600/5AAPGwomen%2540GSA.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="998" data-original-width="1326" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRzrr0vB-WfhoXBFNIeFtcy1rPaWlnSM13Yz2um58QR1oHfkLCL-xPVVRI9WZvtRaGebY9QLMzY5YHBRt2iIwhWaCDr5Q0_K3d6JDetH-Uj-oYgSTa2ZnWG3vpmisLbKe1UUOkNgl0D4jo/s320/5AAPGwomen%2540GSA.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wall of AAPG trail-blazing
women at GSA 2017 annual meeting</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The biographies are
essentially chronological, organized by chapters, with sub-sections, that
highlight evolving career challenges through the decades, such as:
"1917-1918: The First Female Employees in Petroleum During WWI", . .
. "1920s to 1940s: The Micropaleontology Era", . . . "Early
Affirmative Action, Diversity, and the Oil Business". </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some may think that title chapters, such as "Women Who Married and Stayed in Industry After the War
[World War II]" and "Women Who Married and Had to Quit: Some Became
Consultants or Joined A Geologic Survey", are retro, old-fashioned, un-feminist,
or not career-centric, but they directly address reality. Whether the Baby
Boomer generation of me and Gries' with the limited daycare choices of the
early 1970's and little to no paid family leave, or the Millennial generation
of my daughter which has more family-friendly options for balancing career with
family needs, career decisions can be challenging whether one is in a relationship,
with or without children, or is a single-parent. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuW93h8rmE6JY6Tfvb1-sOydi4Y9lIlv5YeOIvcl0FZqf1wtD9eCJ4bBCuwolimH5zox5ywU9zWc6Jug170fDjNZnfOLx7qZAwCWmP_B22JJ2VIINNhoWxM4KWFW5kRxz42w5ccZ-S96ZB/s1600/6ToC.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuW93h8rmE6JY6Tfvb1-sOydi4Y9lIlv5YeOIvcl0FZqf1wtD9eCJ4bBCuwolimH5zox5ywU9zWc6Jug170fDjNZnfOLx7qZAwCWmP_B22JJ2VIINNhoWxM4KWFW5kRxz42w5ccZ-S96ZB/s320/6ToC.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy88qcxLAKbW7sKGPkD_PO4MaEudjAWhff7nAFZ_9mTF23RylOt3lco6n9fJ9FoIqFU7M2yBn6kvYL1rUaVsrhcE0ZcLN-6jiaxl4uA5KTvLgV9uubSXky3uSu9i9f99w4FAFvA7kbXgK0/s1600/7MOW+bio.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy88qcxLAKbW7sKGPkD_PO4MaEudjAWhff7nAFZ_9mTF23RylOt3lco6n9fJ9FoIqFU7M2yBn6kvYL1rUaVsrhcE0ZcLN-6jiaxl4uA5KTvLgV9uubSXky3uSu9i9f99w4FAFvA7kbXgK0/s320/7MOW+bio.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>Anomalies</i> partial Table
of Contents and sample biographical entries</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anomalies</i> is 390 pages of text, with, as
mentioned earlier, ~140 biographies, this is not onerous since the biographies
can be read out-of-order and sporadically: great for an empowering coffee table
addition, or a guilt-free break at work.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*Robbie Rice Gries</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">President, Priority Oil
& Gas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AAPG President, 2001-02
(first woman to hold that position)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Treasurer, Geological
Society of America (2006-09)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vice President/President-Elect,
GSA (2017-19)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">** p. 261 in Todd, Ruth,
1985, Joseph A. Cushman and the study of Foraminifera, Geological Society of
America Special Centennial volume 1, p. 257-271. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Links to other online
sources in or relevant to this blog post:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><a href="https://explorer.aapg.org/issue/articleid/36988/october-2017" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://explorer.aapg.org/issue/articleid/36988/october-2017</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three Women, One Breakthrough;</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> non-members of AAPG can download whole issue
through link at bottom of webpage)</span></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1691347718">
</a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/Memorials/proceedings_1951/Cushman-J.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/Memorials/proceedings_1951/Cushman-J.pdf</span></span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Memorial
to Cushman, with contributions from Esther Richards Applin)</span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-53626554226095163542017-12-12T09:43:00.001-05:002018-03-09T09:25:12.819-05:00WHY THERE WILL BE NO #MaceralCup<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Arial;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711037 9 0 511 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Arial;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711037 9 0 511 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This fall (2017) on Twitter, there have been exciting
earth-science voting competitions: the iconic and ground-breaking #MinCup
(favorite mineral), the subsequent #RockCup, and the recently-ended (November
2017) #DinoCup. Each competition pitted 32 choices, bracketed by pulling "competitors"
out of a hat. #MinCup was the brainchild of @tectonictweets (Dr. Eddie Dempsey,
structural geology lecturer at the University of Hull, England); #DinoCup is
his paleontological follow-up. Picking up the gauntlet, A-level geology at
Greenhead College, Huddersfield, England, held the #RockCup. The goal of
these geologic social media/ science communication exercises was both fun
geology community interaction and to engage/inform students. As @Geol_Greenhead
specifically entreated during #RockCup: "h</span><span style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-family: "arial"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">elp 16-18yr olds engage with geology[:] tell them about
the rocks on their A-level specification". Most participants just voted
daily, but many promoted their favorites with photos and relevant information
about why their mineral, etc, was better than its competitor that day.
#TeamGarnet was a particularly vocal, but ultimately vanquished, group during
#MinCup (darn olivine). During #DinoCup, I learned, disappointingly, that the
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVHduNGEMZI" target="_blank">true velociraptor</a></span><span style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-family: "arial"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> was quite small, possibly with feathers,
resembling an ugly turkey; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychus" target="_blank">deinonychus</a></span><span style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-family: "arial"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> was the actual model for the Jurassic
Park “velociraptors”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Gsy-9W6DPpH0uZwz7dJX3a_3SSNpGAT_8HClUjXRAvKFNsYrPbhJZTxdIklvu7Atk4Eq70oAP6goYe482cqIn-UeA1S4hBRErKLzLYZEPeO2UkMnEDiaPF67Q5HlRXpBEli0TO6PrAqj/s1600/Garnet.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1160" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Gsy-9W6DPpH0uZwz7dJX3a_3SSNpGAT_8HClUjXRAvKFNsYrPbhJZTxdIklvu7Atk4Eq70oAP6goYe482cqIn-UeA1S4hBRErKLzLYZEPeO2UkMnEDiaPF67Q5HlRXpBEli0TO6PrAqj/s320/Garnet.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Garnet by Hazel Gibson</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-family: "arial"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #14171a; font-family: "arial"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Dempsey summarized the viral
2017 #MinCup experience in his blog (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://eddiedempsey.wordpress.com/2017/10/15/the-first-mincup/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022https\:\/\/eddiedempsey\.wordpress\.com\/2017\/10\/15\/the-first-mincup\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">https://eddiedempsey.wordpress.com/2017/10/15/the-first-mincup/</span></u></span></a>),
and #MinCup was touted as a science communication success by various outlets. A
beautiful legacy of this year’s #MinCup is Dr. Hazel Gibson’s charity calendar
(</span><a href="https://mypatchworkplanet.com/mincup-charity-calendar/"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://mypatchworkplanet.com/mincup-charity-calendar/</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://mypatchworkplanet.com/mincup-charity-calendar/" target="_blank">https://mypatchworkplanet.com/mincup-charity-calendar/</a>)
of <a href="https://twitter.com/i/moments/919672195051384833" target="_blank">mineral-contender ink drawings</a> produced during her contemporaneous participation
in #Inktober (“31 days, 31 drawings”).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggh67DK3U6Dw3SEIh7XX-WnJZBxA8pVfYX2MqmHvEBqejvg5C5_Iai_zO9_CCZoTQMQg7V_za1o9P0N0vTp54WOi2eI6_ElZ0ZIhXvHqFhYZqXR-JZQ7P7kUwyYj9xVQ-dG2VqIgbliE8k/s1600/MinCup+Calendar.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="932" data-original-width="758" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggh67DK3U6Dw3SEIh7XX-WnJZBxA8pVfYX2MqmHvEBqejvg5C5_Iai_zO9_CCZoTQMQg7V_za1o9P0N0vTp54WOi2eI6_ElZ0ZIhXvHqFhYZqXR-JZQ7P7kUwyYj9xVQ-dG2VqIgbliE8k/s320/MinCup+Calendar.png" width="260" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Following in the success of these initial bracketed earth
material/fossil competitions are #FaultCup, #VolcanoCup, and #ExoCup (vote for favorite
exoplanet so not actually not “earth” science). There may be others of which I
am not aware. A suggested competition is #OreCup. While #MinCup, #RockCup,
#DinoCup may be annual events and have multitudinous contenders, is it
possible, with further new earth-science-based matches, we could get either burned
out or too specialized to have much of an audience?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So as a coal petrologist (although very proud of my earlier
amphibolite-grade metamorphic roots [Go #TeamGarnet]), I thought what about a competition
for favorite maceral: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">#MaceralCup</b>?
First off, many may query, hopefully politely, what is a maceral? Using an
analogy, like the much-maligned ones previously common on US college-entrance
exams, maceral:coal::mineral:rock. A <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bk-1984-0252.ch001" target="_blank">maceral</a>, as defined initially by paleobotanist
and coal petrologist Marie Stopes, in 1935,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is a microscopically distinguishable organic component of coal derived from
the decomposed and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">macerated </i>remains
of plants. Besides coal, macerals are found dispersed in sedimentary rocks and
are petroleum and natural gas precursors. Maceral names end “inite”. (FYI: Stopes,
1880-1958, is most famous for her books on intimate married relations and
birth control, <a href="http://time.com/3656376/downton-abbey-married-love/" target="_blank">highlighted recently during one episode of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Downton Abbey</i></a>.) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However,
there will be no #MaceralCup</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for the following
reasons (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spoiler alert:</i></b> the most important reason is the culminating #3;
#1 is lengthy but informative maceral background for the non-organic geologist):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) There are only about two-dozen macerals defined for bituminous
and anthracite coals (Suárez-Ruiz, 2012; complete citation at bottom). This number
of macerals is probably not too few for a competition, but tough to add in new
competitors in subsequent years. Maceral quantity increases if one includes the alternate names for vitrinite group macerals that are applied at the lower lignite/brown
coal ranks (huminite group). For maceral photomicrographs in white and blue/UV oil-immersion
reflected light see </span><a href="https://energy.usgs.gov/Coal/OrganicPetrology/PhotomicrographAtlas/OPTICCoalMaceralClassification.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://energy.usgs.gov/Coal/OrganicPetrology/PhotomicrographAtlas/OPTICCoalMaceralClassification.aspx</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/Macerals.cfm" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/Macerals.cfm</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just FYI, here are macerals with mostly quick definitions. (Definitions
below are my own, or derived from Suárez-Ruiz, ICCP citations below, or the
linked Indiana Geological Survey photomicrograph pages.):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LIPTINITE GROUP (a flashy competitive group since these lipid-rich
components brilliantly fluoresce yellow to red under UV or blue-light
excitation; more photomicrographs at </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/liptinite_include.cfm" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/liptinite_include.cfm</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sporinite- spores
and pollen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cutinite- Leaf
cuticle, the wax coating of leaves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resinite- Plant resin
of various compositions, including the amber of Jurassic Park.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alginite- Fossil
algae. Can be broken into two subtypes, as described by Hutton (1987):
telalginite- from large colonial or unicellular algae; and lamalginite from
small thin-walled algae.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suberinite- Cell
walls of cork</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chlorophyllinite-
Derived from chlorophyll but not present in bituminous and anthracite rank coals (only
lignite and subbituminous)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fluorinite- This
is a subtype of resinite derived from essential oils associated with leaves.
Usually found with cutinite, which aids its identification. More intense and
yellower epifluorescence than most resinites. This is probably my favorite just
because it was always a treat to find it present.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bituminite- Fine
stringy, filamentous or granular, but essentially unstructured, groundmass from
degradation of algae, bacteria or other predominantly autochthonous lacustrine
or marine organic matter. Some use “AOM”, amorphous organic matter,
interchangeably (me). But, officially the two are not synonymous since a
maceral must be a “microscopically recognizable individual constituent” (Pickel
et al., 2017), and “AOM” has been used for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">submicroscopic</i>
structureless solid organic matter. “Recognizable” may, however, depend on the
magnification (500X-1000X), and discrimination of either bituminite or AOM from
a clay matrix in whole rock microscope preparations can be difficult. I
personally believe that AOM or bituminite is the same as the fluffy <u>organic</u>
component of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">marine snow</i>. Also bituminite
is a confusing name since it can be mixed up by some with the term “solid bitumen”
which is a produced hydrocarbon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Exudatinite- A
secondary crack-filling fluorescing maceral produced during oil generation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Liptodetrinite- Liptinite
detritus, frequently small, and frequently lacking structural identifiers so
source is unknown.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPBnESiDoq7UYZ3H4fjeYLfScSt2k_x7WVi0D8Pqu58wiyqEHLzfBCv15G6t0ItIqmSQmm5fh4pQSIJdCYIJcmnUk2d23F2NYJoT0WUaJBkrqwOyPpi44llTSi7CTiKKmkqVEpvE_E-iGP/s1600/Cutinite.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="874" data-original-width="940" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPBnESiDoq7UYZ3H4fjeYLfScSt2k_x7WVi0D8Pqu58wiyqEHLzfBCv15G6t0ItIqmSQmm5fh4pQSIJdCYIJcmnUk2d23F2NYJoT0WUaJBkrqwOyPpi44llTSi7CTiKKmkqVEpvE_E-iGP/s320/Cutinite.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cutinite from Pickel and others (2017)</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivQTovtKhzzA9o0GtI_jCZItC9FVMWnhMMHSOYGuDUMAHJHXApyihHML9AEPjCcru7P4KXWncFinpaUQ6arH2fAQ3ZaVSBYcjSqDVncI0CVIpknc1sP4v9hBsUrrhosPAH95AHJcHWDd7e/s1600/Fluorinite.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="863" data-original-width="1319" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivQTovtKhzzA9o0GtI_jCZItC9FVMWnhMMHSOYGuDUMAHJHXApyihHML9AEPjCcru7P4KXWncFinpaUQ6arH2fAQ3ZaVSBYcjSqDVncI0CVIpknc1sP4v9hBsUrrhosPAH95AHJcHWDd7e/s400/Fluorinite.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Darker-orange-fluorescing cutinite (long serrated) enclosing non-fluorescing phyllovitrinite and bright-yellow-fluorescing fluorinite. Yellow "liptodetrinite and sporinite in surrounding matrix". From Pickel and others (2017).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VITRINITE GROUP (The primary, and most abundant, maceral group in
most coals, derived from woody tissue of stems, roots and leaves. Vitreous
luster. The predictable increase in reflectivity of telinite with increasing
diagenesis, “vitrinite reflectance”, is a commonly used very-low-grade-metamorphic
indicator. Photos: </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/vitrinite_include.cfm" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/vitrinite_include.cfm</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Telovitrinite
subgroup- In this group, the maceral telinite is identified clearly by
preservation of woody cellular structure; in collotelinite, texture is more
homogeneous with cell walls possibly only barely visible. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Detrovitrinite subgroup-
Vitrodetrinite is small vitrinite detritus. Collodetrinite: gelified vitrinite
groundmass binding other macerals (like the gelatin of a fruited Jello (or jelly to you Brits) salad).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gelovitrinite- This
subgroup is colloidal vitrinitic filling in voids: corpogelinite (discrete
bodies between woody plant cell walls); gelinite (gelified vitrinitic fillings
of other voids/cracks).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9kjG7rUB3usE24mPvjEbZZqRQayQRQyWzr0-4-3oKOW8NdGHoROKWU8hjIpbsgl-UPfzON-gQKHV8TfF_Y9eHBleBVVkr49dz8UFpVIpsyD9TPHlLTUn_THZIKkqu1RZT34iz_w18u5h/s1600/MaceralsRefl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9kjG7rUB3usE24mPvjEbZZqRQayQRQyWzr0-4-3oKOW8NdGHoROKWU8hjIpbsgl-UPfzON-gQKHV8TfF_Y9eHBleBVVkr49dz8UFpVIpsyD9TPHlLTUn_THZIKkqu1RZT34iz_w18u5h/s400/MaceralsRefl.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Reflected white-light oil-immersion microscopic image showing various macerals.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INERTINITE GROUP (These macerals are generally “inert” in
industrial processes like coke-making for the steel industry. All higher
reflectance than vitrinite. Many are the products of combustion in ancient widlfires.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Photos: </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/inertinite_include.cfm" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://igws.indiana.edu/Coal/inertinite_include.cfm</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fusinite- Classic
high-reflectance open-cell (cell walls but empty lumens) charcoal structure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semifusinite-
Lower reflectance than fusinite indicating possible lower temperature of combustion.
Sometimes fossilized burnt tree trunks or branches show a gradation from
fusinite exterior to semifusinite interior. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Funginite- Highly-reflecting
fungal remains.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secretinite- Oxidized
resin or gel, no plant structures, frequently rounded.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Macrinite- Structureless,
no definite shape, but commonly elongated and high reflectance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Micrinite- Tiny,
high reflectance, granular maceral. May be residue of AOM or other liptinites
after oil generation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Inertodetrinite- Small
highly-reflecting detritus that cannot be assigned to any of the inertinite
groups.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Personally, some of my favorite macerals are not recognized
officially by the ICCP (International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology,
governing body of coal petrographic terminology, </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.iccop.org/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.iccop.org</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) so would sadly not
be contenders. Like #1, this does not preclude a competition but limits
competitors: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a) Algodetrinite: This
is liptinite detritus derived exclusively from algae. The term was suggested by
Adrian Hutton, but he stated that the general official term liptodetrinite
should supercede. However, if the goal of a maceral count study is documenting
land plant vs. lacustrine/marine organic contribution, the provenance-neutral liptodetrinite
is not a useful category if the detritus is clearly algal-derived.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b) Pseudovitrinite- An
oxidized, slightly higher reflecting, variety of telinite showing remnant cell
structure and tell-tale slits. First described by Benedict and others (1968) of
Bethlehem Steel; determining volume percent is a useful predictor of coal
behavior in the coking process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c) Phyllovitrinite- Woody
or lignin-cellulose material in leaves. Not listed as an official definition,
but a useful descriptor when found enclosed by cutinite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) MOST IMPORTANTLY---There will be no #MaceralCup because <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">THERE ARE HARDLY ANY COAL (OR ORGANIC)
PETROLOGISTS ON TWITTER!!!</b> I know only a FEW coal-petrology trained geologists
on Twitter. One petrologist's research concentration is palynology. Although I have run
into other palynologists on Twitter, not all palynologists (specialists in
taxonomic identification of modern and fossil spores and pollen) are trained
also in coal/organic petrology and lingo. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The other Twitter-savvy organic petrologists, of whom I am aware, specialize in <a href="https://wildfire-lab.com/" target="_blank">modern and ancient wildfire research</a>, all part of or graduates of the same research group.</span> I searched for names of colleagues
and board members in organic petrology professional societies and came up
empty. Are there younger organic petrologists I haven’t found? While there would obviously be a spirited debate between </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#TeamSporinite and
#TeamFusinite with the current 7-8 organic petrologists on Twitter, </span>one cannot have
an informative, mind-expanding, educational Twitter exchange if no one else is out there. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> WHERE ARE YOU ALL??</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Citations:</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Benedict, L. G., Thompson, R. R., Shigo, J. J.
III, Aikman, R. P., 1968, Pseudovitrinite in Appalachian coking coal: Fuel, v.
47, no. 2, p. 125-143.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hutton, A.
C., 1987, Petrographic class of oil shales: International Journal of Coal
Geology, v. 8, p. 203- 31.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">International
Committee on Coal and Organic Petrology, 1998, The new vitrinite classification
(ICCP System 1994): Fuel, v. 77, no. 5, p. 349-358.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">International
Committee on Coal and Organic Petrology, 2001, The new inertinite
classification (ICCP System 1994): Fuel, v. 80, no. 4, p. 459-471.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pickel, W.,
and others, 2017, Classification of liptinite—ICCP System 1994: International
Journal of Coal Geology, v. 169, p. 40-61 (</span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://ogs.ou.edu/docs/articles/IJCG-V169-P40-61.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">http://ogs.ou.edu/docs/articles/IJCG-V169-P40-61.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Suárez-Ruiz, Isabel (2012), Organic petrology:
An overview, in Al-Juboury, Ali (ed.), Petrology- New perspectives and
applications: InTech (</span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.intechopen.com/books/petrology-new-perspectives-and-applications/organic-petrology-an-overview" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.intechopen.com/books/petrology-new-perspectives-and-applications/organic-petrology-an-overview</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Other organic petrology resources see http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2015/06/coal-and-organic-petrology.html</span><span style="font-family: "arial";"></span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-72272173051904543412017-04-20T17:28:00.000-04:002017-05-01T10:47:43.880-04:00Scientist jobs that don’t include teaching or research . . . <style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
span.object
{mso-style-name:object;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.object-hover
{mso-style-name:object-hover;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the recent 2017 Northeast/North Central joint section
meeting of the Geological Society of America, I ran into a thirty-something
alumnae of my undergraduate college who had finished her Ph.D. in geology in
2009. I first met this woman on a metamorphic-geology field trip several years
ago while she was still a grad student. It was great to see her again and catch
up. She told me she is STEM coordinator and adviser for a leadership scholars
program at a major university, but was apologetic that it was not a position actually
doing science. I said no apology needed! What a better adviser for students
considering STEM (science-technology-engineering-math) careers than someone who
has done science research and personally navigated undergraduate and graduate science
education?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This interaction also reminded me of grad school classmate
who, just before finishing her dissertation at what is a major research
institution, felt she was sensing disapproval from faculty for expressing an
interest in post-grad academic positions that focused mostly on teaching and
little on research. But there is not just one valid career path for persons
educated as scientists or engineers: teaching, research, advising/consulting, academic
or corporate leadership, public policy are among possible pathways, depending
on one’s talents, interests, and opportunities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Teaching science includes a range of university
(post-secondary) positions from those at top-tier research institutions to
community and junior college. Research may be an essential part of many
university departments and a requirement for tenure; directing student research
is an important component. However, at institutions such as community colleges,
teaching may be the major or sole job requirement with limited opportunities
for one’s own or student research. However, that does not diminish the
important task of educating the students on the methodology of science, its
role in society, and the specifics of the science field chosen for a major or
distributive course requirement. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
addition, science education begins way before college: science subject K-12
teacher certifications start at the middle school level (~age 10), if not
before. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Careers that have science as a base, whether one has a
bachelor’s, Master’s, or Ph.D. degree in a science field, are numerous and
varied. Teaching is only one career line. Those who do research or applied science work for a
variety of institutions: academia, industry, government. Some scientists or engineers
in industry, as they advance their careers, may transition into a corporate
leadership track (example: Rex Tillerson, engineer and former CEO of
ExxonMobil). In academia and government, those who start in research and/or
teaching may choose to advance to institutional administration. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Scientists have also made career transitions into public
policy, working for non-profit science institutions, as staff for elected
representatives, or themselves holding elected or appointed government
leadership roles. In the US, Congressional Science Fellowship programs
sponsored by many professional scientific societies, under the oversight of AAAS,
is one avenue to participate in public policy for a year or a basis to make a
permanent transition into public policy. One could also apply directly for
Congressional staff jobs through the <a href="https://www.senate.gov/visiting/employment.htm" target="_blank">US Senate employment office</a>
or the equivalent in the <a href="http://www.house.gov/content/jobs/" target="_blank">House of Representatives</a>.
<a href="https://www.aaas.org/page/stpf/become-st-policy-fellow" target="_blank">AAAS</a> and some other scientific societies have fellowships in other government
agencies.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Science communication is a career path where a science
background is a plus. Some professional societies (<a href="https://www.americangeosciences.org/policy/internships-and-fellowships" target="_blank">American Geosciences Institute</a>, AGI; <a href="https://news.agu.org/mass-media-fellowship/" target="_blank">American Geophysical Union</a>, AGU; <a href="https://www.aaas.org/page/about-1" target="_blank">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, AAAS) offer media internships or fellowships.
University schools of journalism, like at Columbia and Missouri, may have
concentrations in science and/or environmental writing. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was recently pointed out in an opinion piece in the AAPG
Explorer (<a href="http://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/column/Articleid/37828/a-milestone-for-our-tribe" target="_blank">March 2017</a>)
by AAPG (American Association of Petroleum Geologists) Executive Director David
Curtiss that General Colin Powell was an undergraduate geology major.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span class="object-hover"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He “</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">completed his degree in geology from City College of New
York and was immediately sworn in as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army. </span>He
never worked as a geologist. But, . . . his knowledge of geology and how the
Earth works informed his entire career. Whether it was moving troops over
rugged terrain or the delicate balancing act of the geopolitics of oil and
natural gas, his understanding of the planet helped him navigate these
challenges. If ever there was an endorsement for studying the geosciences –
even if you want to pursue a career outside of traditional geological
professions – look no further than Colin Powell.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
So don’t be ashamed of whatever career path you take after
getting a science degree! Your best contribution will be in a job that makes
you happy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Below is a limited list of scientists who made career choices
where they eventually were not teaching science or doing research:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rush Holt- physicist, former Congressman, CEO American
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.aaas.org/person/rush-d-holt" target="_blank">https://www.aaas.org/person/rush-d-holt</a><br />
<br />
Andrew Rivkin- science and environmental journalist and author<br />
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Revkin" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Revkin</a>;<a href="http://issues.org/32-2/my-climate-change/" target="_blank"> http://issues.org/32-2/my-climate-change/</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harrison Schmidt- Geologist, Astronaut (Apollo 17), Senator
(1977-1983)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Joanne
Liu-</span> P<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">resident
of Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://time.com/collection-post/3822834/joanne-liu-2015-time-100/" target="_blank">http://time.com/collection-post/3822834/joanne-liu-2015-time-100/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marcia McNutt, Director, US Geological Survey (2009-2013); President,
National Academy of Sciences</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/president.html" target="_blank">http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/president.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melody
Brown Burkins- Congressional Science Fellow (1999-2000); US delegation chair,
2016 International Geologic Congress (IGC); Director for Programs and Research
of The John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding and Adjunct
Professor of Environmental Studies (ENVS), Dartmouth College</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://graduate.dartmouth.edu/news/2016/09/grad-alumna-leading-women-science-policy" target="_blank">https://graduate.dartmouth.edu/news/2016/09/grad-alumna-leading-women-science-policy</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://dickey.dartmouth.edu/news-events/burkins-advise-merger-leading-science-organizations" target="_blank">http://dickey.dartmouth.edu/news-events/burkins-advise-merger-leading-science-organizations</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Steven Chu- Physicist, Nobel Prize winner, US Secretary of
Energy (2009-2013)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://energy.gov/contributors/dr-steven-chu" target="_blank">https://energy.gov/contributors/dr-steven-chu</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ernest Moniz- Physicist, US Secretary of Energy (2013-2017)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://energy.gov/contributors/dr-ernest-moniz" target="_blank">https://energy.gov/contributors/dr-ernest-moniz</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Maria Honeycutt- Congressional Science Fellow (2007-2008),
Coastal hazards policy analyst (NOAA)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://tos.org/resources/career_profiles/honeycutt.pdf" target="_blank">https://tos.org/resources/career_profiles/honeycutt.pdf</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kevin Wheeler- USAID, science and international development
consulting</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/about-ldeo/alumni/alumni-profile-kevin-wheeler-usaid-phd-07" target="_blank">http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/about-ldeo/alumni/alumni-profile-kevin-wheeler-usaid-phd-07</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
David Curtiss- Congressional Science Fellow (2001-2002);
Executive Director, AAPG</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="object"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.americangeosciences.org/policy/internships-and-fellowships/congressional-fellows?page=1" target="_blank">https://www.americangeosciences.org/policy/internships-and-fellowships/congressional-fellows?page=1</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wendy Hill- Neuroscientist and Provost, Lafayette College
(to 2014); Head, Agnes Irwin School (private secondary school)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.agnesirwin.org/uploaded/About_AIS/Downloads/Wendy_Hill_Biography.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.agnesirwin.org/uploaded/About_AIS/Downloads/Wendy_Hill_Biography.pdf</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-79963946887609488852017-04-07T17:56:00.000-04:002018-11-30T10:00:19.299-05:00What do we do now? What post-election shell-shocked US liberal voters have been asking themselves since November 2016. . .<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSAD3x1ji91SNd4nT_eJf-gYjr8rmrCkogPubUaBst-fHqUZKSsV8VePvso3aJXRT8zFZ19nHv4b_QvswHwzgpMx_iA5LGL8JU4aqygD_SGrtzZqk7YA-n4sc-_1Qoxh8X48DUc1Hm367/s1600/Capitol+InaugPM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSAD3x1ji91SNd4nT_eJf-gYjr8rmrCkogPubUaBst-fHqUZKSsV8VePvso3aJXRT8zFZ19nHv4b_QvswHwzgpMx_iA5LGL8JU4aqygD_SGrtzZqk7YA-n4sc-_1Qoxh8X48DUc1Hm367/s320/Capitol+InaugPM.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">U.S. Capitol, 9 PM, January 20, 2017. Photo by MLMalinconico during evening walk, checking out any preparations for next day's Women's March (nothing set up yet, still removing Inauguration traffic barriers).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">By 10 pm Eastern standard time on
election night, November 8, 2016, liberal-progressive American voters were
getting the uneasy feeling that the likely, but not guaranteed (71% chance
according to <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2016-election-forecast/?ex_cid=2016-election" target="_blank">FiveThirtyEight</a>),
election of Hillary Clinton to the US Presidency was not going to happen. The
next day, pro-Clinton voters, started to go through the various stages of grief
with anger and disbelief being most common, walking around like aimless
zombies. With sustained Republican majorities in the House and Senate, a
combination of fear and uncertainty has gripped left-to-moderate citizens
concerned about what promises by conservative candidates (or, in some cases,
those running as Republicans but whose commitment to even conservatism is not
clear) may actually be enacted and become law. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">There are a range and number of
issues that could be severely affected, changed, undone: government-mandated
health care, immigration policy, women's health access, gender rights,
environmental regulations, federal science funding, etc. The large number and
variety or breadth of endangered policies is part of the confusion among many
citizens yearning to be come more civilly active: where to start, what exactly
can one do now? Even now in the Spring 2017, I hear these questions. They are
voiced both by those who had worked/volunteered for campaigns of Democratic
candidates and those who did not. In contemplating this, I have assembled
a list of some possible ACTION CHOICES:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">A) Do GENERAL advocacy for
multiple liberal/progressive positions: I have come across these various
initiatives for involvement that cover a range of issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> 1) The
"Indivisible Guide" (<a href="https://www.indivisibleguide.com/">https://www.indivisibleguide.com/</a>),<span style="background: white;"> "Practical Guide on Resisting the Trump
Agenda" </span>written by former Congressional staffers, outlines
using the strategy of the successful Tea Party movement for the benefit of
liberal causes. The essential point is start local and small, forming groups to
influence municipal/state/federal legislators <span style="background: white;">for the benefit of liberal causes</span>. The website has a search
feature to find contact information for groups in one's area. As of
mid-February 2017, over 7000 local groups are being reported. One issue on the
liberal agenda is <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2016/01/geology-and-gerrymandering-anthracite.html" target="_blank">gerrymandering</a>. In many states, the state
legislature determines federal Congressional district boundaries after each
10-year census (next census 2020), and gerrymandering in favor of the political
party with a state-legislature majority is common. In Pennsylvania,
district boundaries in 2011 were determined by the conservative Republican
state legislature, and will not be redrawn until around 2021. (Note: Pennsylvania state supreme court re-drew the gerrymandered districts for 2018 mid-term election.) Therefore,
focusing on state elections in the next few cycles can have an eventual effect
at the federal level. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> 2) To become
or continue to be active in local established political parties is always an
avenue: one may not have to wait until the 2018 midterm Congressional elections
to volunteer for a campaign, since some gubernatorial elections will be in late
2017. One can always volunteer across state lines. A friend from the blue
Democratic District of Columbia may commute up here to the flipped-red state of
Pennsylvania to volunteer for the 2018 mid-term Congressional election.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> 3) Daily
Action (dailyaction.org) is an example of an issue alert service that <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/a-capitol-hill-mom-directs-thousands-of-anti-trump-activists-by-sending-texts-from-her-living-room/2017/01/27/cf0538f2-e447-11e6-a547-5fb9411d332c_story.html?utm_term=.5a30395a9f2e" target="_blank">texts members one urgent issue suggestion every day with background information and touch-activated phone number for relevant legislators so they can quickly and conveniently convey their opinion</a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> 4) The Women's
March<span style="background: white;"> on Washington, which morphed into a
nationwide and international event, occurred on January 21, 2017. As follow-up,
the March website (<a href="https://www.womensmarch.com/100/action2/">https://www.womensmarch.com/100/action2/</a>)
outlines future actions, and provides activity agenda for the formation of
small local groups (huddles). Like Call to Action, the Women's March tries to
make advocacy easy for eager participants by outlining series of action steps
and activities.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> 5) The
Resistance Calendar (<a href="https://www.resistancecalendar.org/">https://www.resistancecalendar.org/</a>)
lists advocacy events all across the country by date with links to
event/organization websites.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">B) Pick ONE issue area that is
important to you and focus on that. When I looked back at my own history, I <span style="background: white;">realized that I had a record of active support for
federal science spending through participating annually, since 2011, in
Geoscience Congressional Visits Day (GeoCVD). I wrote about GeoCVD in a
<a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2015/11/geosciences-congressional-visits-day.html" target="_blank">November 2015 blogpost</a>, and it will be even more vital now that I continue
to participate in GeoCVD, take part in other science events, and, as is
the intention of any Congressional visit, nurture those established
relationships during the year through written/phone communication, visits to
local Congressional district offices, and/or town hall meetings to voice
related science (or perhaps other) concerns. (Some friends, on the other hand,
want to diversify and pick one issue very different from their work life; a few
in education (school social worker and a principal) are investigating options
distinctive from their daytime work with children and families.)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">Here are some
science-related events and resources, particularly earth and environmental
science issues and legislation: </span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">
1) The March for Science (<a href="https://www.marchforscience.com/" target="_blank">https://www.marchforscience.com/</a>;
@ScienceMarchDC; also on Facebook), Earth Day April 22, in Washington, DC and
satellite locations around the world. This has now been endorsed by numerous
professional science societies which may also have March information on their
websites or Facebook pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">
2) "<a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1o3Y77WeXlbf3VJL5nPoiRX0bj5kqMu6BmSaSEZe7958/htmlview"><span style="color: black;">Protect our Air, Water, & Public Lands - Call Your Reps
& Senators!</span></a>" A fantastic easy-to-follow spreadsheet updated
frequently by a group of paleontologists, listing coming legislation with bill
number, brief synopsis, action stage, which committee or member to contact, and
separate lists of House and Senate members and their Committee memberships. (<a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1o3Y77WeXlbf3VJL5nPoiRX0bj5kqMu6BmSaSEZe7958/htmlview">https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1o3Y77WeXlbf3VJL5nPoiRX0bj5kqMu6BmSaSEZe7958/htmlview</a>)</span> </span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">
3) If you are a member of a professional scientific society, check
out their science policy pages and resources they offer. One may also be able
to sign up for policy alert services. Geoscience societies with US-focused
policy programs include: American Geophysical Society (AGU;
<a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/" target="_blank">http://sciencepolicy.agu.org</a>; <a href="http://actioncenter.agu.org/home" target="_blank">http://actioncenter.agu.org/home</a>),
Geological Society of America (GSA; <a href="http://geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/GSA/Policy/Home.aspx" target="_blank">http://geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/GSA/Policy/Home.aspx</a>), American Association for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS, <a href="https://www.aaas.org/programs/programs" target="_blank">https://www.aaas.org/programs/programs</a>),
American Geosciences Institute (AGI,a federation of 51 geoscience societies
including AGU and GSA, <a href="https://www.americangeosciences.org/policy-critical-issues" target="_blank">https://www.americangeosciences.org/policy-critical-issues</a>). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="color: black;"> 4) Apply for
policy or media internships/fellowships. Many professional scientific
societies, including AGU, GSA, AGI, AAAS listed above, sponsor such programs
including Congressional Science Fellowships, media fellowships, policy
internships for scientists in various stages of education and career.</span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> 5) Attend a
Congressional Visits Day! Geoscience Congressional Visits Days are
traditionally in September and information can be found on the professional
society policy pages above. In the spring is the large SET-CVD
(Science-Engineering-Technology: <a href="http://setcvd.org/" target="_blank">http://setcvd.org/</a>);
this year, it will be held April 25-26. One must pay their own travel/lodging
expenses to attend.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">
6) <a href="http://blogs.agu.org/sciencecommunication/2017/03/01/finding-forward-momentum-local-actions-now/" target="_blank">In the second part of a recent AGU blog 3-post series by earth scientist Dr. Christy Till</a>, Arizona State University, she also
contemplates what to do now, and lists her areas of focus: conversation,
science mentoring, advocacy connections, community involvement, and education
with helpful web links. For the last, education, she is both becoming involved
in local public school outreach and, focusing on assuring the high quality of
her own science research and teaching.</span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">
7) Dr. Till, above, also mentions 500 Women Scientists (</span><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://500womenscientists.org/" target="_blank">https://500womenscientists.org/</a><span style="background: white;">), a group similar to the Women’s March that is
building a network of local groups (pods) of women scientists. Even if there is
not a pod near you, you can follow and support through their website.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> 8) Join an
environmental organization like the <a href="http://www.nature.org/" target="_blank">Nature Conservancy</a>, <a href="http://www.americanrivers.org/" target="_blank">American Rivers</a>, <a href="http://sierraclub.org/" target="_blank">Sierra Club</a>, etc., that matches your interests and goals. These
organizations range from the small and local to large national and international
groups. Many have policy or action webpages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">C) DONATE money or join (pay
membership in) an advocacy organization such as a non-profit organization,
scientific society, or political party. Do NOT think that just giving money is
lazy!! Even though you can easily do this sitting on your couch with your dog,
credit card, and laptop while watching <i>The Big Bang Theory</i>, this is a
VERY important contribution. Organizations' advocacy and policy activities and
staff require financial operational support. Organizations may have special
funds, like AGU's <a href="https://giving.agu.org/capitol-cause-fund/" target="_blank">Capitol Cause</a>,
that directly support public policy programs. However, funding of advocacy and
policy activities (including staff, interns, fellows) of an organization may
come directly from membership, other income, or from associated foundations.
(The American Geosciences Institute did an innovative <a href="https://www.gofundme.com/AGIPolicyInterns" target="_blank">GoFundMe campaign</a> to raise
money for Spring 2017 policy interns,
this campaign website seems to still be open despite the 12/31/16 deadline). What
happens when organization income decreases? Programs are cut. The American
Association of Petroleum Geologists recently closed their ten-year-old
Washington, DC, Geoscience and Energy Policy office and laid off the 2 policy
specialists (plus decreased general staff at AAPG headquarters) because of
serious budget shortfalls during the recent downturn in the petroleum industry
and resulting decreases in membership and conference income. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">So how best to contact one's
Senator or Representative? AAPG Geoscience and Energy Policy Office Director
Edie Allison's concluding communication, "DIY Advocacy", outlined how
to contact elected representatives, track bills, and provided general
background on federal regulation (<a href="http://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/column/articleid/36952/diy-advocacy" target="_blank">http://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/column/articleid/36952/diy-advocacy</a>).
Phone calls, email, faxes, post cards are best. Snail mail in envelopes to
Congress goes through an extensive and slow physical security screening since
the anthrax attack of late September 2011, so not recommended. There are all
sorts of advice out there about which method is best with some that just do
not seem true. Someone on Facebook posted that a friend of a friend of a friend
who was a former Congressional staffer said that offices only track phone calls
and discard, don’t log, paper mail and email. Fake news!! Emails, faxes,
postcards are all counted regarding topic and position (for/ against).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">There were rumors that the office
of my Republican Senator Patrick Toomey was not answering phones in January 2017, so
<a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/people-are-faxing-their-senators-up-to-300-times-an-hour/?ex_cid=story-twitter" target="_blank">thousands of people sent faxes</a></span><span style="color: black;">. I sent two Toomey emails, got
immediate general thank you replies with a promise of a more detailed reply,
and that I did, a few weeks later! Interestingly, I got more responses from
Toomey than from my Democratic Senator and Representative.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">Most important in whatever
communication form one uses is to be succinct, brief, and to the point. Some of
the action services will give one talking points for phone calls. Remember,
you have only a minute or two to convey your message. Think “elevator talk”. Many
others may be trying to call in. For emails, make sure the first paragraph says
upfront exactly what you want. I had started one email to my Congressmen
pointing out that I had visited their offices during GeoCVD which promotes the
importance of federal science spending; then in the second paragraph, my topic
sentence was my issue of concern and my stance (the <a href="http://actioncenter.agu.org/app/write-a-letter?3&engagementId=284673" target="_blank">importance of international science collaboration</a> in the wake of the January 2017 immigration executive
order).
However, Senator Toomey's reply was on his support for federal science funding
(good), but missed addressing my specific point. Totally my fault for not
putting the "ask" right in the first sentence. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;">Remember, EVERY little bit counts.
This revitalized liberal effort to make one's voice heard is not a contest of
who does more, or how frequently. The goal should simply be to do <i>something.
</i>However, the most important aspect in whatever strategy one chooses, is
CONTINUED SUSTAINED EFFORT or communication= "<a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hillary-trump-foes-keep-resistance-persistence-n725436" target="_blank">persistence</a>".
On The Rachel Maddow Show (MSNBC) on February 1, 2017, Senator Cory Booker
(D-NJ) voiced his concern about "outrage fatigue", that interest
would fade. Indeed, some initial criticism of the Women's March on Washington
(January 20, 2017) was that, if the event was a one-and-done event, its impact
and legacy could be minimal. Recognizing this is why the Women's March supports
and encourages continued advocacy, as outlined above. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black;"> ". . .We must put to
rest threats to science, while at the same time seeking friends among
opinion-makers who understand the power, beauty, and usefulness of science and
the need to incorporate it into public policy. . . to confidently,
respectfully, and clearly explain the connection between scientific advancement
and our economic progress, human well-being, and national security. . . The
need for scientists and scientific institutions to effectively communicate
about science and its relevance is more important than ever." AAAS
CEO (physicist and former Congressman) <a href="https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/rush-holt-young-scientists-speak-up-keep-focused-carry-on" target="_blank">Rush Holt, December 20, 2016</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">Keywords: science advocacy, science policy, March for Science </span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-304702491233202072017-03-28T23:41:00.001-04:002017-04-11T16:44:22.812-04:00Black gold, Texas tea. . .<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">My
May 16, 2015, blogpost title included this metaphor for oil, "the black
blood of the machine age" (1952 television documentary, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Victory at Sea</i>), one of the most appropriate
and vivid I know. However, those of us from the US baby boomer generation may
have first heard other oil nicknames in the early 1960's from the opening theme
song of the TV show, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Beverly
Hillbillies</i>: "black gold, Texas tea" (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvE9zJgm8OY" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvE9zJgm8OY</a>)*.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">I
googled around looking for other colorful oil monikers, more dramatic than just
fossil fuel, earth oil, fossil oil. I found Devil's tar, <a href="http://www.oil150.com/about-oil/oil-gas-dictionary/" target="_blank">flowing gold</a>, Devil's
tears, and liquid sunlight, very appropriate since the energy stored in
petroleum originated as solar energy used by plant photosynthesis. A sorrowful reference is to the oil slowly leaking from the <i>USS Arizona</i>, sunk during the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and entombing most of its crew: the black tears of the <i>Arizona</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The
terms black gold and flowing gold make me think of the first day of Petroleum
Geology, a class of about 40 students, winter quarter, November 1978, at
Michigan Tech (I, an undergraduate history major, was taking various geology
and science courses so I could apply for geology grad school). The professor
began class by passing around a plastic quart lab bottle of crude oil asking,
"What does it smell like?" After we all had a whiff, he told us. . .
"It smells like MONEY".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“The
Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power” is the subtitle of <u>The Prize,</u> the
Pulitzer Prize-winning book by Daniel Yergin. <u>The Prize</u> (1991) covers
the history of the petroleum industry from its beginnings to the late 1980’s
(the “sequel”, <u>The Quest</u> (2011), continues from the First Gulf War). The
title itself may come from a quote in the Prologue from Winston Churchill,
regarding the pre-World War I transition of the British Navy from a coal-fueled
to a faster, more efficient oil-fueled armada: “Mastery itself was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prize</i>
of the venture.” (Italics mine)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Admittedly,
there are political and social concerns about fossil fuel business practices,
anthropogenic global warming, pollution, energy security, and dwindling
recoverable resources. However, any transition from liquid or gaseous (or
solid) fossil fuel must be balanced concomitantly with finding suitable replacements
for the myriad products (not just transportation and electrical generation
fuel) from petroleum (<a href="http://elsegundo.chevron.com/home/abouttherefinery/whatwedo/what_is_in_a_barrel_of_oil.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/elsegundo\.chevron\.com\/home\/abouttherefinery\/whatwedo\/what_is_in_a_barrel_of_oil\.aspx\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">http://elsegundo.chevron.com/home/abouttherefinery/whatwedo/what_is_in_a_barrel_of_oil.aspx</span></u></span></a>) in
order to maintain current quality of life. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Regrettably,
there is one "Fossil Fuel" that has already ceased production that, I
confess, I desperately hope reappears: </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisSRWd22-ARKgEUUrveaNN-1nXhoevHpM2yHDzr4IIQYsKaIv7cISF4GyQS26ZvIC67j29WjnOaO2RQ2xTSPa3C78kpw1o1SFQKUOVr9-6tffZwfFp7PybiaRfafUL7q2OKlvkhYNyp8AR/s1600/FossilFuel+IceCrm.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisSRWd22-ARKgEUUrveaNN-1nXhoevHpM2yHDzr4IIQYsKaIv7cISF4GyQS26ZvIC67j29WjnOaO2RQ2xTSPa3C78kpw1o1SFQKUOVr9-6tffZwfFp7PybiaRfafUL7q2OKlvkhYNyp8AR/s320/FossilFuel+IceCrm.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">*
This is a fun rap cover of the Beverly Hillbillies theme by actor John Goodman
during closing credits of an episode of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roseanne.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiE-Y9u_-C8">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiE-Y9u_-C8</a></span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-43218238441615314192016-11-16T09:23:00.001-05:002018-11-30T09:48:36.194-05:00"Chariots of Fire" to "Fire on Earth": Stream-of-consciousness from the Olympics to fossil charcoal/fire studies through poet William Blake<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Until the gymnastics and swimming got underway, I hadn’t
been watching much of this year’s summer Olympics. However, on the day after
the opening ceremonies, I <span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">started
my quadrennial games viewing odyssey with</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chariots of Fire</i>, the 1981 movie highlighting the athletic and
faith journeys of two British runners, Harold Abrahams and Eric Liddell, to the
1924 Olympics. The movie story line begins and ends with the 1978 memorial
service for Abrahams. The sequence at the end (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vxlX5wyEQs" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vxlX5wyEQs</a>)
includes the hymn, “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time)" target="_blank">And did those feet in ancient time</a>”,
the unofficial hymn of England. (Some feel it should be the national anthem
although there are dissenters: <a href="http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/01/theres-nothing-patriotic-about-william-blakes-jerusalem/" target="_blank">http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/01/theres-nothing-patriotic-about-william-blakes-jerusalem/</a>)
The hymn has been included in other movies, such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Calendar Girls</i> (sung in Women’s Institute meetings) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Four Weddings and a Funeral</i> (sung during
first wedding). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time" target="_blank">lyrics for the hymn</a> are from a poem by William Blake,
written ~1804 (music* by Sir Hubert Parry). The movie title, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chariots of Fire</i>, is from a phrase in
the poem (at the end of the third poem stanza; in middle of second hymn verse),
alluding to the Old Testament Bible description of the prophet Elijah being
taken to heaven in a fiery chariot pulled by flaming horses. Other events and
locations in the four-stanza poem, however, are not the standard Bible
references of Reformation-to-early 20<sup>th</sup>-century Protestant
hymns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first line queries if Jesus
walked in England, possibly during his pre-ministry years, while the last lines
of the second stanza ask “And was Jerusalem builded here, Among these dark
Satanic mills”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/sep/12/william-blakes-dark-satanic-mills" target="_blank">different interpretations </a>of what Blake meant by
“dark Satanic mills".
Was he referring to the Albion Flour Mills, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time" target="_blank">“first major factory in London”</a>
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">built in the early days
of the Industrial Revolution, </span>destroyed by fire in 1791, but not torn
down for almost 20 years? The factory mill, when operational, threatened to
ruin the livelihood of small local millers. Or was he referring metaphorically
to establishment churches or major universities? Whatever Blake’s intention,
images of soot-belching factories of the Industrial Revolution initially pop
into one’s head.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One instance using the Industrial Revolution metaphor is
found in <a href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-111995357X.html" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fire on Earth: An Introduction</i></a>
by Andrew Scott, David Bowman, William Bond, Stephen Pyne, and Martine
Alexander (Wiley Blackwell, 2014; <a href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-111995357X.html" target="_blank">http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-111995357X.html</a>). The author of Chapter 12 writes, discussing the
‘Pyric Transition’ when civilization transitioned from biomass to fossil fuel
usage: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> “For fire history,
‘industrialization’ is shorthand for that shift in fuel from surface biomass to
fossil biomass, with all that means for how humanity applies and withholds fire
on the land. Usefully, the general culture agrees, since popular imagination
has long identified the Industrial Revolution with William Blake’s ‘dark satanic’
mills’ belching soot from combusted coals” (p. 231).</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij_0joPWlziV79N3-ldftLLRfR_NNDQSAwYhUxxlO5PGHH7c2CZmIjv4zvnExILjiOJZo1hIjrw8cwnidzJs7lRK3HDEO-XyGlCOtOSetkH3Z1I3PkAff-_PQWglpofwq8EKmf6b27f96D/s1600/Fire+bookcover.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij_0joPWlziV79N3-ldftLLRfR_NNDQSAwYhUxxlO5PGHH7c2CZmIjv4zvnExILjiOJZo1hIjrw8cwnidzJs7lRK3HDEO-XyGlCOtOSetkH3Z1I3PkAff-_PQWglpofwq8EKmf6b27f96D/s320/Fire+bookcover.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The book covers the history of “fire on earth” and the
scientific methods of studying it. The authors include a geologist (Scott whose
work, plus those of his colleagues and students, I have written about
previously, <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/paleo-wildfires-and-extinctions-at-gsa.html">http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/paleo-wildfires-and-extinctions-at-gsa.html</a>,
<a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/wildfire-and-extinction-ii-gsa-2014.html">http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/wildfire-and-extinction-ii-gsa-2014.html</a>),
a botanist, ecologist, historian, and forester. All the authors’ research has
involved aspects of fire science, how fire has affected landscape, ecosystems,
and civilization, and the geologic and anthropological records preserving that
information. I have not read the book from front to back, but have read or
skimmed through sections that have particular interest to me.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sixteen chapters are divided into four major parts: I) Fire
in the Earth System; II) Biology of Fire; III) Anthropogenic Fire; IV) The
Science and Art of Wildland Fire Behavior Management. The book’s Preface
explains that each author spoke “in his own disciplinary tongue”, so the style
of descriptive language may vary among chapters written by scientists versus
historians. Following an introduction to what is fire and methods of studying
fire (ancient and modern events), the historical flow of the book is from deep
geologic time when plants (the fuel) first appeared on land (late
Silurian/early Devonian, ~400 million years ago) to the present day. Some of
the sections on fire in the geological record seem too short for my interest in
that aspect, but the authors point out that the 390-page text is meant as an
introduction to a topic that spans several disciplines. The references for each
part, however, are comprehensive, and a <a href="http://www.wiley.com/go/scott/fireonearth" target="_blank">companion website</a> includes the figures and tables from the book, teaching material, and links to
relevant websites, videos, podcasts. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
book is an excellent example of the value of interdisciplinary research in
earth processes. As Scott writes in the <a href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-111995357X.html" target="_blank">online book description</a>, fire is
"an integral part of the study of geology, biology, human history,
physics, and global chemistry". In fact, this approach is very
"Big History". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History" target="_blank">Big History</a> “examines long time frames using a multidisciplinary
approach based on combining numerous disciplines from science and the
humanities.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
found particularly interesting, possibly from being an undergraduate history
major before switching fields to earth science for grad school, the historical
development of human interaction with fire, based on both historic documents
and anthropological and geologic research into the last couple million years
since the appearance of earliest human species. Man (using “man” and “his” as
inclusive genderless terms) began his fire management relationship as a fire
sustainer before he learned how to start or make a fire. The Chapter 11 author
points out that man is the only creature that can control fire, and used it for
cooking, warmth, land clearing, warfare. Eventually sustainable fresh
wood/plant fuels for combustion could not keep up with demand, and, in the
Pyric Transition during Industrialization, fossil plant-derived fuels (coal,
petroleum, natural gas) became the primarily combustion sources (p. 231, 232).</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNr4ZjX962kKhM_tpoS5ouEo20STcEtsM32__xL3LRlvj8DsIo-JL0YGk1mpnLxea5gJZcRTzHxR-VZtxrIvN9kghtfEqkAAsIPTIbnu2gRDvXNpNcUHHGbgZXymmo2cg0CUK5askwtnno/s1600/IMG_6789.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNr4ZjX962kKhM_tpoS5ouEo20STcEtsM32__xL3LRlvj8DsIo-JL0YGk1mpnLxea5gJZcRTzHxR-VZtxrIvN9kghtfEqkAAsIPTIbnu2gRDvXNpNcUHHGbgZXymmo2cg0CUK5askwtnno/s320/IMG_6789.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prometheus bringing fire to mankind (D'Aulaires' Book of Greek Myths, 1962)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>Fire is a natural process; we utilize it as a resource and
tool, but also attempt to manage it as a natural disaster. <span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Man has different relationships
with various earth materials and processes, including what we call disasters
because of their human disruption. For example, volcanoes, earthquakes,
cyclones/hurricanes/tornados: we cannot control those, but try to lessen damage
and injury through building codes or just getting out of the way. At the other
end of the spectrum, various rock and fuel resources we exploit for
civilization's benefit, and currently or retroactively try to ameliorate
pollution and damage from extractive processes. Between these endpoints, fire,
like surface water, we use and try to beneficially manage, but we cannot
totally control. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
management of wildfires includes modern study of both physics and
chemistry of burning plus methods to extinguish fires. The results of this
research also benefit those trying to interpret the scale and intensity of fire
events recorded in the rock record. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Andrew Scott, his students and colleagues,
particularly <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/palaeofirelab/home" target="_blank">Claire Belcher and her own students</a>, have made an important leap
in interdisciplinary research in using modern fire science experimental
techniques to interpret the fire record in the deep geologic past
(hundreds of millions of years). Fusinite (the fossil charcoal 'maceral' in
coal) and related combustion particulates in coals and sedimentary rocks are
indicators of ancient wildfire. But, a better understanding of temperature and
type of deep-time fire events and what the source material was (for example, plant
or exposed/eroded coal deposit) has come from experiments testing the types of
combustion products produced by various materials
(<a href="https://sites.google.com/site/palaeofirelab/home" target="_blank">https://sites.google.com/site/palaeofirelab/home</a>; <i><a href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470657480.html" target="_blank">Fire Phenomena and the Earth System: An Interdisciplinary Guide to Fire Science</a></i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">).</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This interdisciplinary approach to the analysis
of geologic and prehistoric fire events, combining modern fire science, and
geologic and anthropological charcoal/fire studies, is innovative. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fire on Earth</i>, brings together related
topics and useful avenues of research that could be easily missed otherwise if
their results were published in specialty topic journals (not just physical
versus social science journals but among narrowly specialized science/technology
publications). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fire on Earth</i>,
similarly to how <a href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/david_christian-we-need-a-modern-origin-story-a-big-history" target="_blank">David Christian has described Big History</a> in general,
“help(s)” the reader “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">across the divide between the two
cultures—from the sciences to the humanities” in the discussion of a
millions-year-old natural process that has shaped civilization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
*I was recently surprised to find, regrettably at a funeral,
that there is another hymn to the same tune but with different words: <a href="http://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/history-of-hymns-o-day-of-peace-that-dimly-shines" target="_blank">“O day of peace that dimly shines”</a>.
It was the closing anthem for the deceased, an English immigrant to the US,
because the tune identifies so strongly with England.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
**More on Big History:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/magazine/so-bill-gates-has-this-idea-for-a-history-class.html?_r=0"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/magazine/so-bill-gates-has-this-idea-for-a-history-class.html?_r=0</span></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (background, Bill Gates’
support, pros and cons)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.bighistoryproject.com/home"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.bighistoryproject.com/home</span></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Gates’ funded high school
Big History project)</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<br /></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-22444602554463215462016-07-05T23:10:00.001-04:002016-08-26T17:21:02.808-04:00Particulate organic matter as paleocurrent indicators: dispersed fossil wood in Pennsylvania BluestoneThe tag line for this blog describes that posts are about geologic carbon, excluding carbonate and aqueous dissolved organic matter, focusing on sedimentary and metamorphic organic matter (OM=organic matter) and products from fossil fuel resources. I come at this topic from the <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/blackis-black-although-this-sentiment.html" target="_blank">organic petrology</a> or microscopy methods I use to investigate geologic problems of level of diagenesis/ very-low-grade metamorphism or what assemblages of particulate organic matter can convey about depositional environment or climate. Many applications of or advancements in organic petrology are related to fossil fuel exploration or utilization, but there are other non-fossil-fuel applications of sedimentary OM data in the geologic sciences. However, in my experience and opinion, those are not commonly used, either because organic petrology is not part of the usual geology curriculum, therefore, not well known, or because light microscopy is not "high tech". <br />
<br />
One occurrence of sedimentary OM greets me frequently while I am walking the dog. I live in an old neighborhood of lawns, large trees, and pachysandra (my personal trace plant for old neighborhoods); most of the homes were built around 1900. Although numerous sidewalks are now cement, many remain the original large slabs of Pennsylvania Bluestone, some with fossil wood fragments exposed on cut or slabbed surfaces. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestone#United_States_and_Canada" target="_blank">Pennsylvania Bluestone is a Middle to Upper Devonian feldspathic sandstone</a> of the Catskill delta or <a href="http://www.papgrocks.org/PAPGGuidebook_Spring09.pdf" target="_blank">Catskill/Pocono clastic wedge</a>, outcropping now in southern New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, and northern New Jersey. It is the "molasse" of the Acadian orogeny, whose thermal and deformational peak in the northern Appalachians to the east (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut) occurred in the Lower Devonian.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjME_D3kvU9Iw0o_KwYliC7tH_GespsL2q7j0LrB3ybX7tgiB7AfFgF2_Enk8fFt4WGKbklI5_nHCSfTS8GI_mx95pcGLG14fjd2wmeYYfMh9qu9gQodD_vp9fhVwQpiXGM0RxnvrE8VNlX/s1600/0IMG_6290.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjME_D3kvU9Iw0o_KwYliC7tH_GespsL2q7j0LrB3ybX7tgiB7AfFgF2_Enk8fFt4WGKbklI5_nHCSfTS8GI_mx95pcGLG14fjd2wmeYYfMh9qu9gQodD_vp9fhVwQpiXGM0RxnvrE8VNlX/s320/0IMG_6290.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bluestone in disrepair but shows typical sidewalk slab size and thickness. Twenty-pound (9 kg) puppy for scale.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Bluestone derives its name "from a deep-blue-colored sandstone first found in Ulster County, NY" (<a href="http://www.endlessmountainstone.com/bluestone/" target="_blank">http://www.endlessmountainstone.com/bluestone/</a>). In Pennsylvania, <a href="http://susqco.com/economic-development/pennsylvania-bluestone/" target="_blank">the focus of the bluestone industry is in Susquehanna County</a> bordering New York state. Other colors include <a href="http://www.pabluestoneassoc.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53" target="_blank">tans, various grays, and lilac/purple</a>. The Endless Mountain Stone Company website (<a href="http://fcopg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/67th2002.pdf" target="_blank">in 2002, Endless Mountain was the "largest 'bluestone' producer</a> in Northeastern Pennsylvania, FCOFG field guide, p. 85*) also describes the quarrying, cutting or slabbing operations that produce stone for sidewalks, paving, building and facing stone. <a href="http://susqco.com/economic-development/pennsylvania-bluestone/" target="_blank">The environment of deposition of quarried stone includes offshore bars, beaches, and tidal interchannels.</a><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjs2bZmO_bgSw-d643Kt4p5IUWY5vUcfB3XfY98Ddu9D00nURDwzgRsngUIt5laOOS-HCuUHJXvgpmroiJEv7Wgzo64rD_N6eqO-vhk2Hj3waNNrBR2KYw06i1tb8VTb4rWLaMxAZgWWs-/s1600/1IMG_3332.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjs2bZmO_bgSw-d643Kt4p5IUWY5vUcfB3XfY98Ddu9D00nURDwzgRsngUIt5laOOS-HCuUHJXvgpmroiJEv7Wgzo64rD_N6eqO-vhk2Hj3waNNrBR2KYw06i1tb8VTb4rWLaMxAZgWWs-/s320/1IMG_3332.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ripple marks (interference ripples?) on bluestone sidewalk slabs.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvBC11AGygcLsMTI11JWvxi5nJc_Tlk__y8hocwP8vS7oRpG8HfMcz7IPg29w68H27DaUaQ1ZCPe_pG9S84WqqFJmROGRC0JjO1Xdsdbia-fEJSD0rMPG544u22tOV6PvAElQX0f1fUfj/s1600/2IMG_3804.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvBC11AGygcLsMTI11JWvxi5nJc_Tlk__y8hocwP8vS7oRpG8HfMcz7IPg29w68H27DaUaQ1ZCPe_pG9S84WqqFJmROGRC0JjO1Xdsdbia-fEJSD0rMPG544u22tOV6PvAElQX0f1fUfj/s320/2IMG_3804.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ripple marks, in different location than above, on wet sidewalk in street lights at night.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Although the Pennsylvania Bluestone Association states that the stone is <a href="http://www.pabluestoneassoc.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=54" target="_blank">"clear of most organic residues"</a>, megascopic particulate fossil wood is occasionally visible. A stratigraphic section of one quarry in the 2002 Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists guidebook (<a href="http://fcopg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/67th2002.pdf" target="_blank">Figure 79, p. 86) to the bluestone region, marks locations of "carbonized plant fossils" and "plant-bearing ss".</a><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ptXhbhzmiCeXqT9SU1utcsXU5l1uiMwW2AIabcW9f3CkgSpeClfpd1z0GBT91eRd3gEmFZfBJYtz3ksIynPogqcoUx4NH9gPAPFknWemR6pfb90J8M5QDei3xTAXyFIvtHshRwIvRRad/s1600/3IMG_5865.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ptXhbhzmiCeXqT9SU1utcsXU5l1uiMwW2AIabcW9f3CkgSpeClfpd1z0GBT91eRd3gEmFZfBJYtz3ksIynPogqcoUx4NH9gPAPFknWemR6pfb90J8M5QDei3xTAXyFIvtHshRwIvRRad/s320/3IMG_5865.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Patio bluestone showing range of color, some ripple marks, and, in slab in foreground, dispersed fossil wood fragments. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3W-7Uh6TWVvK74hY9thEpi_DZo-h2eYJ5QiPtHcmN0rfeKGtIOiZ5ypphKabxc7kqV2ebls2ygouABAy-EIpxvXJtG3qXqIzWKGGrdZWQFqRSTcDBTlwmGflOa7fYzPHuCMT9FUH3FoEL/s1600/4IMG_6287.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3W-7Uh6TWVvK74hY9thEpi_DZo-h2eYJ5QiPtHcmN0rfeKGtIOiZ5ypphKabxc7kqV2ebls2ygouABAy-EIpxvXJtG3qXqIzWKGGrdZWQFqRSTcDBTlwmGflOa7fYzPHuCMT9FUH3FoEL/s320/4IMG_6287.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old bluestone sidewalk slab; fossil wood weathered out leaving casts.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRfKkWZ5y59LQuSJtjy3bJPJz1HEJ-6ohQHX2qtKRqqVfSxt-BRwNpBmIG5rKSjR_oT6MV2Pg7OtIAVeI46IPqAYNGlqotLW7Vyw-eONCZgXDWSuC_0dr7psTnknifMDblUZEAbmYeihfc/s1600/5IMG_6176Close-up.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRfKkWZ5y59LQuSJtjy3bJPJz1HEJ-6ohQHX2qtKRqqVfSxt-BRwNpBmIG5rKSjR_oT6MV2Pg7OtIAVeI46IPqAYNGlqotLW7Vyw-eONCZgXDWSuC_0dr7psTnknifMDblUZEAbmYeihfc/s320/5IMG_6176Close-up.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fossil
wood in both rippled and non-rippled bed surfaces in recently-quarried
bluestone (in re-laid sidewalk using old original slabs and smaller new slabs
to replace broken material). Fragments on non-rippled surface (lower left) show
a general consistent orientation.</span></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
In the photo above, fossil wood, on the non-rippled bedding surface, is generally aligned due to the ancient water flow direction that deposited the layer and acts as a paleocurrent indicator. Such indicators include any elongated particles including graptolites and other fossils, and sedimentary structures such as ripples, crossbedding, and flute casts. However, alignment of linear objects, such as the wood fragments, can only narrow paleocurrent flow direction to two directions 180 degrees apart. Asymmetrical ripples and flute casts are examples of structures that can define a single direction. Below is an example of paleocurrent direction analysis, showing bidirectional results, from measuring orientation of wood fragments in a Devonian shale of the Appalachian/Catskill basin (in Potter and others, 1979, <i><a href="http://www.netl.doe.gov/kmd/cds/disk7/disk1/EGS%5CDevonian%20Paleocurrents%20of%20the%20Appalachian%20Basin.pdf" target="_blank">Devonian Paleocurrents in the Appalachian Basin</a>)</i>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnHDAnUU_cQCPqAP0zJNopiCMmGxKtHPmEaI2okuHkob9aSiS6WK4GJt50L-p_st2tnLExDF8Oy7LrY78P2KFicuifaeoveVRFYfPkjD05DLgfINiZpZ2vcz_FSwubN7haQhs0ouNi7bQF/s1600/Screen+shot+2016-07-06+at+9.06.34+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnHDAnUU_cQCPqAP0zJNopiCMmGxKtHPmEaI2okuHkob9aSiS6WK4GJt50L-p_st2tnLExDF8Oy7LrY78P2KFicuifaeoveVRFYfPkjD05DLgfINiZpZ2vcz_FSwubN7haQhs0ouNi7bQF/s400/Screen+shot+2016-07-06+at+9.06.34+AM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqUZ5d2gC0VmCOxUz_LUZYBeYxSDaQaSw32QcDeyRo4VkZiBmU6eahReZmTDEzmLVB0hYFYRKlCyRTrptG3PrEjoA-U8joL96o_pyU2ru4cdgBPuKuh9yHvaWVHgaVMG4ccqoqjYs6s6PX/s1600/7IMG_5113.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqUZ5d2gC0VmCOxUz_LUZYBeYxSDaQaSw32QcDeyRo4VkZiBmU6eahReZmTDEzmLVB0hYFYRKlCyRTrptG3PrEjoA-U8joL96o_pyU2ru4cdgBPuKuh9yHvaWVHgaVMG4ccqoqjYs6s6PX/s320/7IMG_5113.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipoBd5JfuOOl9dd_A2mO1zSo8talsyr32KTJ5C3wvYMlRsviMXRGzNVa-ry1dEXynMGu7nb2XTnWPykzN5jiNz99dBf8fmCdJTbTMqoyYix5IiLJGUJLh8hVq0MgU1TqQcThQB7lvNuhCF/s1600/8IMG_6286.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipoBd5JfuOOl9dd_A2mO1zSo8talsyr32KTJ5C3wvYMlRsviMXRGzNVa-ry1dEXynMGu7nb2XTnWPykzN5jiNz99dBf8fmCdJTbTMqoyYix5IiLJGUJLh8hVq0MgU1TqQcThQB7lvNuhCF/s320/8IMG_6286.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdwzVPqXF3KSztvincfrAY2w7crQ0qjXisxv-jK9GN5vGqlZqs6b4_Z58y-Sthgm-U8CM5fg_xwfJy6Fff-Fg8t9cjGdNpHj4P6gmzaYOLTpbYkNO0-EgVC46XElT-PZbWTj3Cat_LAWQ/s1600/9IMG_6285.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdwzVPqXF3KSztvincfrAY2w7crQ0qjXisxv-jK9GN5vGqlZqs6b4_Z58y-Sthgm-U8CM5fg_xwfJy6Fff-Fg8t9cjGdNpHj4P6gmzaYOLTpbYkNO0-EgVC46XElT-PZbWTj3Cat_LAWQ/s320/9IMG_6285.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Three more examples of oriented fossil wood in Pennsylvania Bluestone. Blue color in bottom two photos due primarily due to time of day, just prior to sunset.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3o1K-p99hwKMiium_0jVomyK3RYz3v-CPQwho3JSS5AWjIhQKwHN8Vu22Zelul1GCjhiYjqqsp3Xq6YTyhSVJSluMfY1j0dOFSF67kohq2WrgWA_4zG2BywZEf6zG1G5sUJWSxC2XCPWS/s1600/Screen+shot+2016-07-06+at+9.00.31+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3o1K-p99hwKMiium_0jVomyK3RYz3v-CPQwho3JSS5AWjIhQKwHN8Vu22Zelul1GCjhiYjqqsp3Xq6YTyhSVJSluMfY1j0dOFSF67kohq2WrgWA_4zG2BywZEf6zG1G5sUJWSxC2XCPWS/s400/Screen+shot+2016-07-06+at+9.00.31+AM.png" width="398" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(from Potter and others, 1979, <i><a href="http://www.netl.doe.gov/kmd/cds/disk7/disk1/EGS%5CDevonian%20Paleocurrents%20of%20the%20Appalachian%20Basin.pdf" target="_blank">Devonian Paleocurrents in the Appalachian Basin</a>)</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Above is the <a href="http://www.netl.doe.gov/kmd/cds/disk7/disk1/EGS%5CDevonian%20Paleocurrents%20of%20the%20Appalachian%20Basin.pdf" target="_blank">cumulative paleocurrent direction analysis of Appalachian Devonian sediments</a>, including those of the Catskill/Pocono wedge, showing general western flow and deposition due to unroofing/erosion of the lower Devonian Acadian orogenic thermal/deformational axis to the east. Fossil wood fragments (=particulate land plant organic matter), such as that seen in the bluestone, were an important contributor to this data set.<br />
<br />
BTW, at the time this post was written, the blog background was an extreme close-up of wood fragments in bluestone (below).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs-uMd0sWfXw7qhK5jSrJCijkx1-979OEeD6bibl3vGl1OAKienV6OCla0LPERTBbyvrWU-y9mmmUOEkApD8EIQNsQs-opekMxqAi5sk82dYhkTi6bAnrc_8nyzH8PmYC6XNYudqP2DG74/s1600/0BackgroundBlstne.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs-uMd0sWfXw7qhK5jSrJCijkx1-979OEeD6bibl3vGl1OAKienV6OCla0LPERTBbyvrWU-y9mmmUOEkApD8EIQNsQs-opekMxqAi5sk82dYhkTi6bAnrc_8nyzH8PmYC6XNYudqP2DG74/s320/0BackgroundBlstne.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
*Catskill delta field guides:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Facies and Sedimentary
Environments of the Catskill System Tract in Central Pennsylvania</i>,
Pittsburgh Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2009 <a href="http://www.papgrocks.org/PAPGGuidebook_Spring09.pdf">http://www.papgrocks.org/PAPGGuidebook_Spring09.pdf</a><u><span style="color: blue; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> From Tunkhannock to
Starrucca: Bluestone, Glacial Lakes, and Great Bridges in the “Endless
Mountains” of Northeastern Pennsylvania, </i>Field Conference of Pennsylvania
Geologists, 2009.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://fcopg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/67th2002.pdf">http://fcopg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/67th2002.pdf</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-73833058939237508052016-05-01T00:50:00.015-04:002023-09-27T16:05:13.875-04:00Graptolite reflectance and correlation with other diagenetic and very-low-grade metamorphic indicators<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: red;"><i>The correlation chart and references in this post have been updated as of November 28, 2020. In the chart, the mean maximum reflectance correlation of Malinconico has been changed and is based now on her (my) data from the prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic terrane of northern Maine, USA, rather than a compilation with other published mean maximum graptolite reflectance published data. The mean random and mean maximum graptolite reflectance correlations of Luo et al. (2020) and the mean random equation of Bertrand and Malo (2012) have been added. Inclusion of Kübler Indices and associated metapelitic (anchizone, etc) zones have been removed (see text below).</i></span><div><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">My first independent organic petrology research project, in the late 1980's-early 1990's, was a graptolite reflectance study of the low- to very-low-grade metamorphic region of the northern US Appalachians in northern Maine. The goals were to 1) test the applicability of the technique, used in other anchizone regions, to these prehnite-pumpellyite grade rocks, and 2) <span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">outline</span> in more detail the regional patterns or trends in metamorphism.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6PnPG1kBQC4ebMKpodaQUwYAaHlUqEpnVTTpfxu9KGb8hsVILHXBRrywllDl48_ModmHN3HRA3lmWm1wP-ziHiPKFXFG3JYolu61i_Wd6XPL-Sad_niMNSb_2z1sdCXjsW9_uakUq8ns8/s2048/3Lawler+HiLiter+graps*.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6PnPG1kBQC4ebMKpodaQUwYAaHlUqEpnVTTpfxu9KGb8hsVILHXBRrywllDl48_ModmHN3HRA3lmWm1wP-ziHiPKFXFG3JYolu61i_Wd6XPL-Sad_niMNSb_2z1sdCXjsW9_uakUq8ns8/s320/3Lawler+HiLiter+graps*.JPG" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Silurian monograptid graptolites from Lawler Ridge, several miles north of Millinocket, Maine. Mean maximum reflectance 10.6% <u>+</u> 1.0 (n=20).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Graptolites are extinct colonial marine invertebrates of the Phylum Hemichordata with a geologic age range from <a href="https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Education_Careers/Geologic_Time_Scale/GSA/timescale/home.aspx" target="_blank">Cambrian to Carboniferous</a>. They derive their name from the pencil-mark appearance of preserved periderm on shales (Graptolithus= rock writing). Since the mid-1970's, the reflectance of graptolites, in a similar fashion to <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2014/10/blackis-black-although-this-sentiment.html" target="_blank">vitrinite reflectance</a>, has been used to determine the diagenetic level or organic maturity of rocks that, either due to a marine environment of deposition (EOD) or age older than the flourishing of land plants (pre-Silurian), lack vitrinite derived from woody plant matter. Graptolite reflectance has been applied to both petroleum source rock evaluation and analysis of patterns of anchizone/subgreenschist metamorphism, the level of metamorphism between sedimentary rocks and greenschist facies metamorphic rocks where some diagenetic indicators may no longer be applicable and where big micas and flashy garnets, staurolites etc have not yet appeared. (In one talk in ~1992, I did compare the anchizone to the Neutral Zone of Star Trek, which separates Romulan space from Federation space: the anchizone is the area where neither those looking for liquid hydrocarbons nor those studying traditional metamorphic petrology care to go.)</span><br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span><div>However, the urge to correlate graptolite reflectance values to the well-known or more standard vitrinite-reflectance scale has been problematic for a number of reasons. Firstly, since vitrinite and graptolites are hardly ever found in the same rock, due again to age of rock or EOD, correlation has been made through intermediaries, such as solid bitumen/scolecodont/chitinozoan reflectance, conodont alteration indices (CAI), and Rock-Eval pyrolysis Tmax, that are found in or that can be applied to both vitrinite-bearing and graptolite-bearing rocks. However, a drawback particularly of using intermediaries such as CAI and subgreenschist mineral facies is the wide qualitative range of the categories within those indicators. </div><div><br /></div><div>Secondly, the percent graptolite reflectance has been reported in different forms: </div><div>1) mean maximum reflectance: on each of numerous specimens in a single polished whole-rock sample, under polarized light (polarizer in light path), the microscopic stage is rotated to the orientation of the maximum reflectance of the highly anisotropic graptolite exoskeleton and then the reflectance is recorded; a mean and standard deviation is calculated from all the maximum reflectances for that sample; </div><div>2) maximum-maximum or true maximum reflectance which is just the single highest maximum reflectance value of all specimens measured on a sample; no standard deviation; </div><div>3) mean random reflectance, polarized light: the instantaneous measured value with no stage rotation is collected on numerous specimens in a sample, mean and standard deviation calculated; the range of reflectances collected can be quite variable depending on degree of anisotropy, and standard deviation can be large;</div><div>4) mean random reflectance, in non-polarized light. The reflectance of the non-polarized surface is theoretically an average of the anisotropic range of that specimen’s surface reflectivity. With a large enough number of measurements, the mean random reflectances in both polarized and non-polarized light should be equal, but the standard deviation in polarized light will be larger. </div><div><br /></div><div>Besides correlation to thermal maturation indices commonly used in sedimentary rocks and oil-gas exploration (CAI, vitrinite reflectance/coal rank), since graptolite reflectance has been used in zeolite/prehnite-pumpellyite subgreenschist terranes, proper correlation with related terminology such as diagenesis, anchizone/epizone, very-low-grade/low-grade metamorphism is also an issue. Discussions on the limits of the anchizone based on illite crystallinity and relationship to mineral facies and coal rank (bituminous/anthracite) have been ongoing for decades. In 2007, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) published a correlation classification for very-low to low-grade metamorphic rocks (Árkai and others, 2007), with vitrinite reflectance, diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic zones, subgreenschist mineral facies, and boundaries for metapelitic zones (diagenetic zone, anchizone, epizone) based on the illite crystallinity Kübler Index (KI). Lower and upper KI limits of the anchizone were 0.42-0.25˚ <i>delta</i> 2<i>theta,</i> respectively. Many of the boundaries were gradational or covered a range of values, but it appeared, to me, that there was international consensus. </div>
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span><div>So, in 2016, partly for a couple papers still (and even now in 2020) in draft form and partly in response to a petroleum industry colleague asking how well constrained the vitrinite/graptolite correlations are, I made a huge spread sheet with the IUGS 2007 very-low-metamorphic indicators chart, CAI, and vitrinite-graptolite reflectance correlations from numerous collected graptolite reflectance papers (most source references following). From that, I posted in this blog entry, a correlation chart of metamorphic grade, mineral facies, KI with metapelitic zone, coal rank with vitrinite reflectance, and CAI, plus the mean random graptolite reflectance of Bertrand (1990) and Petersen et al. (2013), and mean maximum graptolite reflectance that was a consensus compilation of my own data from northern Maine and several publications that reported mean maximum graptolite reflectance data.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, since my 2016 chart, there has been an increasing interest in graptolite reflectance and publication of important papers, particularly from China and Denmark. The surge in interest is due to large unconventional petroleum discoveries in Lower Paleozoic black shales. I am also finally getting around to finalizing my graptolite reflectance study in the prehnite-pumpellyite region of northern Maine. Coincidently, however, there has been changes in standardization used for illite crystallinity studies that has changed the KI limits of the anchizone (Warr and Ferreiro Mählmann, 2015) plus continuing discussion on the variability of the boundaries of the anchizone relative to mineral facies and to coal ranks in different regions (Ferreiro Mählmann and Frey, 2012; Warr and Cox, 2016).</div><div><br /></div><div>It should be pointed out that the anchizone is defined specifically by illite crystallinity: Kisch wrote in 1990 (p. 42), “The main argument against such re-definitions […in terms of the metamorphic grade in associated materials…] is that the notion of the anchizone is intractably bound to phyllosilicate mineralogy in clastic sedimentary rocks, and particularly defined in terms of illite ‘crystallinity’…Such re-definition of the anchizone in terms other than illite ‘crystallinity’ should therefore be rejected.” In the Alps, there is a range of vitrinite reflectance values associated with the lower and upper boundaries of the anchizone depending on geothermal gradient or heating rate indicating that there are material differences in the chemical and mechanical kinetics of the transformation of clay crystallinity and the physiochemical structure of vitrinite. In addition, the influence of pressure varies between clay and organic matter. Warr and Cox (2016) also reported that in the famous zeolite to prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphic region of New Zealand, the epizone, previously interpreted to be equivalent to chlorite-grade greenschist metamorphism, should now include pumpellyite-actinolite facies, formerly in the anchizone.</div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore, my new 2020 table below, does not include any reference to Kübler Index and related metapelitic zones, despite my fondness for the term “anchizone”. I so far have only found one researcher that reports KI and associated graptolite reflectance (Rantitsch 1995, 1997). Most graptolite reflectance practitioners are working in gas exploration, rather than very-low-grade metamorphic terrane studies, and the co-existing indicators in my area of northern Maine are CAI and zeolite/prehnite-pumpellyite mineral facies. </div><div><br /></div><div>The new table BELOW has FIVE correlative relationships of graptolite reflectance: three from studies reporting random reflectance, but that use different intermediaries to relate graptolite to vitrinite reflectance and are from different geological provinces, and two correlations of graptolite mean maximum reflectance.</div><div><br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj028emaymREVLGkGaOnRWCnMJGaUSo4GU0AO0ZhD-3vMgxXyyUhExYrH_zgmtxCjx1P3vyye8t4sHmxmrcTH5yCN0Pul46GzipLE7e4RLydrCqEKkNn4jtA_ojfaJ7PQH09hHf96h9B-zJ/s1128/Grap%2525Ro+Correlation20LS.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="1128" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj028emaymREVLGkGaOnRWCnMJGaUSo4GU0AO0ZhD-3vMgxXyyUhExYrH_zgmtxCjx1P3vyye8t4sHmxmrcTH5yCN0Pul46GzipLE7e4RLydrCqEKkNn4jtA_ojfaJ7PQH09hHf96h9B-zJ/s320/Grap%2525Ro+Correlation20LS.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div>
<div><i>TABLE (click on it to enlarge): Correlation of metamorphic grade, mineral facies, coal rank, vitrinite reflectance from the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks (Árkai et al., 2007); general boundaries of zeolite facies to vitrinite reflectance (Kisch, 1981); CAI (conodont alteration index) to vitrinite reflectance (Repetski et al., 2008); mean random graptolite reflectance, non-polarized light, from equation based on natural and heat-treated graptolites plus previously published sources (Luo et al., 2020); mean random graptolite reflectance, non-polarized light (to vitrinite reflectance through chitinozoan reflectance: Bertrand, 1990); mean random graptolite reflectance, non-polarized light (to vitrinite reflectance combining results in Bertand, 1990, 1993: Bertrand and Malo, 2012); mean random graptolite reflectance, non-polarized light (to vitrinite reflectance through RockEval pyrolysis Tmax: Petersen et al., 2013); mean maximum graptolite reflectance equation based on natural and heat-treated graptolites plus previously published sources (Luo et al., 2020); mean maximum graptolite reflectance to CAI (Bradley et al., 2000) and metamorphic facies (Richter and Roy, 1976) of northern Maine, USA (Malinconico, 1992, 1993, unpublished data).</i></div>
<br />Another useful correlation chart is that of Hartkopf-Fröder (2015; their Figure 26). They comprehensively include not just coal rank, reflectance of vitrinite and graptolites and CAI, but other zooclasts, coloration of spores/pollen and other microfossils, and hydrocarbon generation zones. They did not include mineral metamorphic facies, which were important for my work. Three graptolite reflectance scales are in their chart: Petersen and others (2013) and two by Bertrand and colleagues (1990, 2012); I included those in my chart. Their bibliography includes graptolite reflectance citations (such as several by Bertrand) that are not listed below. Another bibliographic list (Microsoft Word document) of “Zooclast Reflectance” citations is on the website of The Society for Organic Petrology (TSOP) (<a href="https://www.tsop.org/references.html" target="_blank">https://www.tsop.org/references.html</a>). Luo et al. (2020) have a useful graph (Figure 13) for visualization that plots several graptolite-vitrinite reflectance correlations against each other. <br />
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span>
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Th<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">ese</span> tables do not solve the graptolite/vitrinite reflectance correlation problem. <span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">They do</span>, however, show state of the current publicly available knowledge.</span><br /><br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Arial;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:10887 -2147483648 8 0 511 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Helvetica Neue";
panose-1:2 0 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-2147483545 0 0 0 1 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-link:"Header Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
tab-stops:center 3.0in right 6.0in;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:X-NONE;
mso-fareast-language:X-NONE;}
p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
tab-stops:center 3.0in right 6.0in;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:X-NONE;
mso-fareast-language:X-NONE;}
span.HeaderChar
{mso-style-name:"Header Char";
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Header;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:X-NONE;
mso-fareast-language:X-NONE;}
span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:X-NONE;
mso-fareast-language:X-NONE;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.7in;
mso-footer-margin:.7in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
@page WordSection2
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection2
{page:WordSection2;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;"><u><b>Selected GRAPTOLITE REFLECTANCE </b></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;"><u><b>and diagenetic to very-low-metamorphic indicator references </b></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;"><u><b>including those examined for construction of the correlation table.</b></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;"><u><b>(Citations specifically mentioned or used in the table are in bold.) </b></u></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Á<b>rkai, P.,
Sassi, F., Desmons, J., 2007, Very low- to low-grade metamorphic rocks (Chapter
2.5), in Fettes, D., and Desmons, J., eds., Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification
and Glossary of Terms (Recommendations of the International Union of Geological
Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks): Cambridge, UK,
Cambridge University Press, p. 36-42.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Bertrand, R., 1990, Correlations among the reflectances of
vitrinite, chitinozoans, graptolites, and scolecodonts: Organic Geochemistry,
v. 15, no. 6, p. 565-574.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue; font-size: x-small;"><b>Bertrand, R., 1993, Standardization of solid bitumen reflectance to vitrinite in some Paleozoic sequences of Canada, in F. Goodarzi and R.W. Macqueen, eds., Geochemistry and petrology of bitumen with respect to hydrocarbon generation and mineralization: Energy Sources, v. 15, p. 269-287.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue; font-size: x-small;"><div><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Bertrand, R., and
Heroux, Y., 1987, Chitinozoan, graptolite and scolecodont reflectance as an
alternative to vitrinite and pyrobitumen reflectance in Ordovician and Silurian
strata, Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada, American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, p. 951-957.</span></div><div><span style="font-weight: 700;">Bertrand, R., and Malo M., 2012, Dispersed organic matter reflectance and thermal maturation in four hydrocarbon exploration wells in the Hudson Bay Basin: regional implications: Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7066, 52 p. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/rncan-nrcan/M183-2-7066-eng.pdf </span></div><div><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Bradley, D. C., Tucker, R. D., Lux, D.; Harris, A. G., and McGregor, D. C., 2000, Migration of the Acadian orogen and foreland basin across the northern Appalachians of Maine and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1624, 49 p.</b> </span></div></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Bustin, R., M., Link,
D., and Goodarzi, F., 1989, Optical properties and chemistry of graptolite
periderm following laboratory simulated maturation: Organic Geochemistry, v.
14, p. 355-364.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Cao, C., Sang, Q., Fang, Y., 2000, The study of graptolite reflectance as the indicator of source-rock maturation in Ordovician and Silurian of Tarim basin, Ordos, Jiangsu areas: v. 39, issue 1, Acta palaeontologica sinica, p. 151-156. (In Chinese; English abstract and figure captions)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Cardott, B. J., and
Kidwai, M. A., 1991, Graptolite reflectance as a potential thermal-maturation
indicator, in K. S. Johnson, ed., Late Cambrian-Ordovician geology of the
southern Midcontinent, 1989 symposium: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 92,
p. 203-209. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Clausen, C.-D. and
Teichmüller, M., 1982, Die Bedeutung der Graptolithenfragmente im Paläozoikum
von Soest-Erwitte für Stratigraphie und Inkohlung: Fortschritte in der Geologie
von Rheinland und Westfalen, v. 30, p. 145-167.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Cole, G. A., 1994,
Graptolite-chitinozoan reflectance and its relationship to other geochemical
maturity indicators in the Silurian Qusaiba shale, Saudi Arabia: Energy &
Fuels., v. 8, p. 1443-1459.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ferreiro Mählmann, R., Frey, M., 2012, Standardisation, calibration and correlation of the Kübler-index and the vitrinite/bituminite reflectance: an inter-laboratory and field related study: Swiss Journal of Geosciences, v. 105: 153-170.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gentzis, T., T. de Freitas, F. Goodarzi, M. Melchin, and A. Lenz, 1996, Thermal maturity of lower Paleozoic sedimentary successions in Arctic Canada: AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, p. 1065-1084.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Goodarzi, F., 1984,
Organic petrology of graptolite fragments from Turkey: Marine and Petroleum
Geology, v. 1, p. 202-210.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Goodarzi, F., 1985,
Dispersion of optical properties of graptolite epiderms in increase maturity in
early Paleozoic organic sediment: Fuel, v. 64, p. 1735-1740.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Goodarzi, F., 1990, Graptolite reflectance and thermal
maturity of Lower Paleozoic rocks, in V. F. Nuccio and C. E. Barker, eds.,
Applications of thermal maturity studies to energy exploration: SEPM, Rocky
Mountain Section, p. 19-22.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Goodarzi, F., Gentzis, T., Harrison, C., and Thorsteinsson,
R., 1992, The significance of graptolite reflectance in regional thermal
maturity studies, Queen Elizabeth islands, Arctic Canada: Organic Geochemistry,
v. 18, no. 3., p. 347-357.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Goodarzi, F., and
Norford, B. S., 1985, Graptolites as indicators of the temperature histories of
rocks: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 11, p. 127-141.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Goodarzi, F., and Norford, B. S., 1989, Variation of graptolite reflectance with depth of burial: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 11, p. 127-141.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><b>Hartkopf-Fröder, C., Königshof,
P., Littke, R., Schwarzbauer, J., 2015, Optical thermal maturity parameters and
organic geochemical alteration at low grade diagenesis to anchimetamorphism: A
Review: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 150-151, p. 74-119.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><b>Kemp, A. E. S., Oliver, G. H. I. and Baldwin, J. R., 1985, Low-grade metamorphism and accretion tectonic: Southern Uplands terrain, Scotland: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 49, p. 335-344.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><b>Kisch, H.J., 1981, Coal rank and illite crystallinity associated with the zeolite facies of Southland and the pumpellyite-bearing facies of Otago, southern New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of geology and Geophysics, v. 24, p. 349-360.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><b>Kisch, H.J., 1990, Calibration of the anchizone: a cricial comparison of illite 'crystallinity' scale used for definition: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. , p. 31-46.<br /></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Kurylowicz,
L. E., Ozimic, S., McKirdy, D. M., Kantsler, A. J. and Cook, A. C., 1976,
Reservoir and source rock potential of the Larapinta Group, Amadeus Basin,
Central Australia: Australian Petroleum Exploration Association Journal, v. 16,
p. 44-65.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Luo, Q., Goodarzi, F., Zhong, N., Wang, Y., Qiu, N., Skovsted, C. B., Suchy, V., Schovsbo, N. H., Morga, R., Xu, Y., Hao, J., Liu, A., Wu, J., Cao, W., Min, X., Wu, J., 2020, Graptolites as fossil geo-thermometers and source material of hydrocarbons: An overview of four decades of progress: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 200, Article 103000. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103000 </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Luo, Q., Hao, J., Skovsted, C.B., Luo, P., Khan, I., Wu, J., Zhong, N., 2017. The organic petrology of graptolites and maturity assessment of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formations from Chongqing, China: insights from reflectance cross-plot analysis: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 183, p. 161–173. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Luo, Q., Hao, J., Skovsted, C.B., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, S., Wang, W., 2018. Optical characteristics of graptolite-bearing sediments and its implication for thermal maturity assessment: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 195, p. 386–401. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Luo, Q., Zhong, N., Dai, N., Zhang, W., 2016. Graptolite-derived organic matter in the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formations (Upper Ordovician–lower Silurian) of southeastern Chongqing, China: implications for gas shale evaluation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 153, p. 87–98. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><div><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Malinconico, M. L., 1992, Graptolite reflectance in the
prehnite- pumpellyite zone, northern Maine, U.S.A.: Organic Geochemistry, v.
18, p. 263-271.</span></b></div></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><b>Malinconico,
M. L., 1993, Reflectance cross-plot analysis of graptolites from the
anchi-metamorphic region of northern Maine, USA: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20,
p. 197-207.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Oliver, G. J. H., 1988, Arenig to Wenlock
regional metamorphism in the paratectonic Caledonides of the British Isles- a
review, in Harris, A. L. I., and Fettes, D. J., eds., The
Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen: Geological Society (London) Special Publication
38, p. 347-363.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Petersen, H. I., Schovsbo, N. H., Nielsen, A. T.,
2013, Reflectance measurements of zooclasts and solid bitumen in Lower
Paleozoic shales, southern Scandinavia: Correlation to vitrinite reflectance:
International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 114 , p. 1-18. </span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><b>Rantitsch,
G., 1995, Coalification and graphitization of graptolites in the anchizone and
lower epizone: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 27, p. 1-22.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Rantitsch, G., 1997, Thermal history of the Carnic Alps (Southern Alps, Austria) and its palaeogeographic implications: Tectonophysics, v. 272, p. 213-232.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><div><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Repetski, J. E., Ryder, R. T., Weary, D. J., Harris, A. G,
and Trippi, M. H., 2008, Thermal maturity patterns (CAI and %Ro) in Upper
Ordovician and Lower-Middle Devonian rocks of<span>
</span>the Appalachian basin: A major revision of USGS Map I-917-E using new
subsurface collections: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map
3006, one CD-ROM.</span></b></div><div><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span><b>Richter, D. A., and Roy, D. C., 1976, Prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphism in central Aroostook County, Maine, in Lyons, P. C., and Brownlow, A. H., eds, Studied in New England geology: Geological Society of America Memoir 146, p. 239-261.</b></span></span></div></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Riediger, C.,
Goodarzi, F., and MacQueen, R. W., 1989, Graptolites as indicators of regional
maturity in lower Paleozoic sediments, Selwyn Basin, Yukon and Northwest
Territories, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 2003-2015.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Ruble, T.
E., Knowles, W. R., Selleck, B. W., Wylie, A. S., 2013, Assessment of thermal
maturation in outcrop samples of the Utica Shale, northern Appalachian basin,
New York: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 2013 Annual Convention
and Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, AAPG Search and Discovery Article
#90163 (<a href="http://www.searchandiscovery.com/"><span color="windowtext">www.searchandiscovery.com</span></a>;
accessed August 2013).</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Taylor, G. H.,
Teichmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C. F. K., Littke, R., Robert, P., 1998,
Organic petrology: Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 704 pages.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Teichmüller,
M., 1978, Nachweis von Graptolithen-Periderm in geschieferten Gesteinen mit
Hilfe kohlenpetrologischer Methoden: </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Neues
Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Mh. 7, 430-447.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Wang, X. F., Hoffknecht, A., Xiao, J. X., Chen S. Q., Li Z.
H., Brocke, R. B., and Erdtmann, B-D., 1993, Graptolite, chitinozoan, and
scolecodont reflectances and their use as indicators of thermal maturity: Acta
Geologica Sinica, v. 6, no. 1, p. 93-105.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Warr, L. N., and Cox, S. C., 2015, Correlating illite (Kübler) and chlorite (Árkai) “crystallinity” indices with metamorphic mineral zones of the South Island, New Zealand: Applied Clay Science, v. 134, p. 164-174. </b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Warr, L. N., Ferreiro Mählmann, R., 2015, Recommendations for Kübler Index standardization: Clay Minerals, v. 50, p. 282-285.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Watson, S. W., 1976, The sedimentary geochemistry of the Moffat Shales: a carbonaceous sequence in the Southern Uplands of Scotland [Ph.D. dissertation]: St. Andrews, Scotland, UK, St. Andrews University, 818 pages. (https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/15471)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Yang, C., and Hesse, R., 1993, Diagenesis and
anchimetamorphism in an overthrust belt, external domain of the Taconian
Orogen, southern Canadian Appalachians—II. Paleogeothermal gradients derived
from maturation of different types of organic matter: Organic Geochemistry, v.
20, p. 381-403.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Zheng, X., Sanei, H., Schovsbo, N.H., Luo, Q, Wu, J., Zhong, N., Galloway, J.M., Goodarzi, F., 2021, Role of zooclasts in the kerogen type and hydrocarbon potential of the lower Paleozoic Alum Shale: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 248, doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2021.103865 (This article does not mention reflectance but is an important discussion of non-granular and granular graptolite texture, generative potential, and relationship to Rock-Eval pyrolysis results.)</span></span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"></span>
</div>MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-652145316166098642016-04-04T00:25:00.005-04:002016-11-16T09:45:36.797-05:00How BIG is BIG? (Data out of context and spinning the message: US Atlantic OCS and other oil reserve estimates in the news)<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
span.object
{mso-style-name:object;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Two weeks ago, the US Department of
Interior announced that the US Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) was
removed from the 2017-2022 offshore lease sale (<a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/15/politics/obama-drilling-atlantic-coast/index.html" target="_blank"><span class="object">http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/15/politics/obama-drilling-atlantic-coast/index.html</span></a>;
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span class="object"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-O42VSQ6JTSEX01-2P7U5E8RTS87GP3EKFMV10Q903" target="_blank">http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-O42VSQ6JTSEX01-2P7U5E8RTS87GP3EKFMV10Q903</a></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">). The <a href="http://www.boem.gov/2017-2022-DPP/" target="_blank">January 2015 Draft Proposed Program</a> for the OCS 2017-2022 lease sale</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> originally
included parts of the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic planning areas from
Virginia south to Georgia; the portion of the Mid-Atlantic planning area
offshore of Delaware and Maryland, and the North Atlantic planning area
(offshore New Jersey north to Maine) were not in the Draft Proposal (see Figure 1). On <span class="object">March 15</span>, 2016, however, the Proposed
Program (<a href="http://www.boem.gov/2017-2022-Proposed-Program-Decision/" target="_blank">http://www.boem.gov/2017-2022-Proposed-Program-Decision/</a>)
was published and now excludes the entire US Atlantic OCS. This decision was
welcomed by environmental groups, various members of the US Congress from
Atlantic coastal states (<span class="object"><a href="http://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/east-coast-senators-introduce-bill-to-prevent-atlantic-offshore-drilling-say-killthedrill" target="_blank">http://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/east-coast-senators-introduce-bill-to-prevent-atlantic-offshore-drilling-say-killthedrill</a></span>),
NASA and the US Navy (<span class="object"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/14/the-governments-atlantic-drilling-plan-takes-friendly-fire-from-the-pentagon/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/14/the-governments-atlantic-drilling-plan-takes-friendly-fire-from-the-pentagon/</a></span>),
and some coastal communities. However, industry (<span class="object"><a href="http://www.oilandgasinvestor.com/feds-nix-atlantic-five-year-offshore-lease-plan-842361" target="_blank">http://www.oilandgasinvestor.com/feds-nix-atlantic-five-year-offshore-lease-plan-842361</a></span>),
plus governors of southern states who were hoping offshore fossil fuel
production would bring income to the states, were disappointed, to say the
least. (It is important to note, that although there is federal revenue sharing
from offshore lease royalties to some Gulf Coast states, there is no revenue
sharing plan in place for Atlantic states.)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioopb_rty_KW13aLkXJuR6pnC-n98cp3WhekSkC0be34AuEmqFwDBuyES3RfjMH2IVAsdUJ9giAVasr7ro-IAX5MCD5PjWJr-Tvwnex8SFIJHXAxL7U1F3tcgS6R9kXIyzP29HAiAk_40A/s1600/DraftAtlOCS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioopb_rty_KW13aLkXJuR6pnC-n98cp3WhekSkC0be34AuEmqFwDBuyES3RfjMH2IVAsdUJ9giAVasr7ro-IAX5MCD5PjWJr-Tvwnex8SFIJHXAxL7U1F3tcgS6R9kXIyzP29HAiAk_40A/s320/DraftAtlOCS.jpg" width="206" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><b>Figure 1:</b> Draft proposed Atlantic OCS
planning area (from <a href="http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/offshore-drilling-meegting-today-in-atlantic-city/article_49dbb8ee-c992-11e4-a1db-670b91b0f8ed.html" target="_blank"><span class="object">http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/offshore-drilling-meegting-today-in-atlantic-city/article_49dbb8ee-c992-11e4-a1db-670b91b0f8ed.html</span></a>)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The news articles above mention the
2011 assessed <i>mean</i> amount of potential fossil fuel resources for the
entire Atlantic OCS, which includes the North, Mid- and South Atlantic planning
areas: 3.3 billion barrels of oil (Bbo) and 31.3 trillion cubic feet (Tcfg) of
natural gas (<span class="object"><a href="http://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/2011_National_Assessment_Factsheet.pdf">http://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/2011_National_Assessment_Factsheet.pdf</a></span>).
The <a href="http://www.boem.gov/Assessment-of-Oil-and-Gas-Resources-2014-Update/" target="_blank">revised 2014 assessment </a>adjusts those <i>mean</i> numbers upwards to 4.72
Bbo and 37.51 Tcfg.
These numbers are for the "Undiscovered Technically Recoverable"*
resources on the Atlantic continental shelf within the US Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) that extends 200 miles from the US coastline. The lease blocks,
however, would start no closer than 50 miles offshore (contrary to Senator
Menendez' <a href="http://twitter.com/SenatorMenendez/status/560157585274572800/photo/1" target="_blank">tweeted anti-drilling but Photoshopped picture of an oil rig within sight of beachgoers</a>**). The assessments are based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling_on_the_Atlantic_coast_of_the_United_States" target="_blank">wells drilled, mostly dry or uneconomic</a>,
and seismic data collected before the early 1990’s moratorium on Atlantic OCS
oil and gas resource development, and on study of "analogs" which are
known hydrocarbon plays in similar geologic settings in other parts of the
world. The assessment, besides reporting the mean estimated amount,
also provides other probabilities of occurrence: for the entire Atlantic OCS, there
is a 5% chance (2014 revised assessment) of 9.23 Bbo and 67.7 Tcfg, but a large
(95%) chance there is only 1.32 Bbo and 11.8 Tcfg.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But is this estimated resource
amount BIG? Is loss of access to the Atlantic OCS a major blow to the Nation's
energy independence and security, as some articles suggest? Although industry
and industry media outlets would understand the relevance of the assessed
numbers in relation to oil reserves around the world, the general public does
not. A BILLION sounds immense, so readers may think we are missing out on a
large national resource by blocking development. Without context, that is,
without comparisons to other data, the numbers may be misleading. From the map below (Figure 2), however, one can see that Atlantic mean assessed amounts are
minor compared to the Gulf of Mexico, and less than offshore California where
there is proven production. According to an article in <a href="https://eos.org/articles/interior-department-shelves-oil-and-gas-lease-off-atlantic-coast" target="_blank"><i>Eos</i>, March 17, 2016</a>, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The removal of that
lease sale would lower the projection of future U.S. oil production by about
0.1% and would lower the U.S. natural gas production projection by 0.06%,
according to the Interior Department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
(BOEM). ‘Thus, the energy security of the United States will remain strong
without offshore leasing in the Atlantic during the 2017–2022 program,’ BOEM states
in the <span id="goog_344654547"></span><a href="http://www.boem.gov/2017-2022-Proposed-Program-Decision/" target="_blank">new OCS proposal</a><span id="goog_344654548"></span>.” </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xvVv_L_8eBrVkl815uyFbwgCZud39Vj-pC4IyXQVCeyt2GJIYH4zWkuVrFVkPN2dUts-zEkMWv-X6OkmgwkrpawpEHO66xm2Ocvuzznur6NXwWpWBhUyNIjwNXxMybRJvuojpUW5-bAy/s1600/US+Offshore+Oil%2523.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xvVv_L_8eBrVkl815uyFbwgCZud39Vj-pC4IyXQVCeyt2GJIYH4zWkuVrFVkPN2dUts-zEkMWv-X6OkmgwkrpawpEHO66xm2Ocvuzznur6NXwWpWBhUyNIjwNXxMybRJvuojpUW5-bAy/s320/US+Offshore+Oil%2523.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b> </b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Figure 2:</b> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Figure 5-6 from <span class="object"><a href="http://www.boem.gov/2017-2022-DPP/" target="_blank">http://www.boem.gov/2017-2022-DPP/</a></span><span style="color: black;"> (p. 101 of pdf)</span>: Assessment of UTRR of the OCS,
2011 (Atlantic OCS Updated 2014)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Another example of numbers out of context is also related to oil reserves. In the
early-2000’s, whether or not to open the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
1002 Area to drilling was a contentious and controversial topic. Many against
drilling said there was only several months of oil there, based on data in a US
Geological Survey (USGS) report (<span class="object"><a href="https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2010/Arctic-Refuge-Turns-Fifty.aspx" target="_blank">https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2010/Arctic-Refuge-Turns-Fifty.aspx</a></span>).
WHAT? This argument was used as a reason not to drill. The USGS 1998 petroleum
assessment of the 1002 Area (<span class="object"><a href="http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0028-01/fs-0028-01.pdf">http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0028-01/fs-0028-01.pdf</a></span>)
states that the <i>mean</i> Technically Recoverable oil in the 1002 Area (not
including Native Lands or offshore waters) is 7.7 Bbo. According to the
<i>Congressional Record-Senate</i> (<span class="object">April 18</span>, 2002, p. 5027),
Senator John Corzine (D-NJ) said</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ". . . Based on estimates from
the U.S. Geological Survey, it is likely to have little more than 6 months'
worth of capacity relative to 1 year of U.S. demand. The oil wouldn't even
begin to be available for at least 10 years. And it wouldn't reach peak
production for 20 years."</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Corzine's statement does include the
phase "relative to 1 year of U. S. demand" which is key to
understanding what is meant by "6 months' worth of capacity". In
2002, <a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=us" target="_blank">US crude oil consumption was 19.761 million barrels of oil PER DAY</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">. If you divide that daily consumption (million barrels per day) into
the mean recoverable 1998 estimate for the entire 1002 area (7.7Bbo, undeformed
plus smaller geologically deformed region), you get the equivalent of 388 days
or, using 1 month=30 days, 12.9 months, of US oil usage. Using instead the
95%-probability estimate of 3.4 Bbo (in just the undeformed part of 1002), the
result is 170 days or 5.7 months of US oil consumption. But, could the 1002
Area, if ever in production, produce 20 million barrels a day? Could it be the
Nation’s sole source of petroleum? NO. The estimated 1002 Area peak production daily rate
ranges from 600,000 - 1.9 million barrels/day from multiple wells over a total
50-60 year life of the field (<span class="object"><a href="http://dog.dnr.alaska.gov/Publications/Documents/OtherReports/Oil_Gas_in_ANWR_Review_2003-02.pdf">http://dog.dnr.alaska.gov/Publications/Documents/OtherReports/Oil_Gas_in_ANWR_Review_2003-02.pdf</a></span>,
p.6; <span class="object"><a href="http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/arctic_national_wildlife_refuge/pdf/anwr101.pdf">http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/arctic_national_wildlife_refuge/pdf/anwr101.pdf</a></span>).
For comparison, current daily production from the world's largest conventional
oil field, <a href="http://www.epmag.com/ghawar-arabian-granddaddy-775846)" target="_blank">Saudi Arabia's megagiant Ghawar field, is ~5 million barrels/day</a>.
For the 1002 Area, saying there is only 6 months of oil, without detailing how
that number was calculated, without saying that it is supposed to be some sort
of useful analogy, is deceptive.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Although here in the USA, we are in
the height of "spin" season with the coming Presidential election, sound
bites or media reports with partial information or numbers out of context
happen at any time in any field, not just the earth sciences. A piece of data
or information, no matter how accurate can, without revelation of how it was derived or if isolated from larger trends or data sets, lead to an incorrect
assumption on the part of the listener or reader. This can occur by design, to
twist or “spin” a meaning, or inadvertently, but for greatest transparency,
educated discussion and informed decision making, complete data and background
derivations must be available. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">* Technically Recoverable means we
have the drilling and production technology to access and produce the resource.
Sometimes assessment estimates are given as "Economically
Recoverable" which means what can be produced with a profit at a
particular market price of oil/gas: if the price is too low, as we have seen in
the last year, production of some resources, such as unconventional shale gas and
shale oil, may not be cost effective.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">** (<span class="object"><a href="http://twitter.com/SenatorMenendez/status/560157585274572800/photo/1" target="_blank">http://twitter.com/SenatorMenendez/status/560157585274572800/photo/1</a></span>;
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">oil rig original photo:</span> <span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/s/offshore+rig/search.html?page=3&thumb_size=mosaic&inline=214057231" target="_blank">http://www.shutterstock.com/s/offshore+rig/search.html?page=3&thumb_size=mosaic&inline=214057231</a>)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: small;">KEYWORDS AND TERMS: "Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf", OCS, "offshore lease sale"</span> </span></span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-81627416162150698062016-03-13T17:10:00.000-04:002016-05-01T01:40:10.531-04:00Rubber duckies serving science (Plastic 1)<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Times;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Having a young grandchild now, I am pulling out
my children’s toys, boxed away for over 15 years, for a new round of use. Among
the Brio train sets, Legos, stuffed animals, dolls, Bobo Fett’s space ship, and
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are a variety of bath toys. The tub toys include
these simple floating animals that I bought in the mid to late-1980’s.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAfEn2pCmvZGOMA5JFQWgenCLneauGutG6Shm249J_4s_9YqaNmHUwszZSvK4EOjBhaVMYkg97ZrZVVCGAQLQrfbmO_U_Vp79n0ulL06aZXo00QBfQ8RGGbrVbgTKLhMYiLXIIIZLSqZMD/s1600/IMG_4494.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAfEn2pCmvZGOMA5JFQWgenCLneauGutG6Shm249J_4s_9YqaNmHUwszZSvK4EOjBhaVMYkg97ZrZVVCGAQLQrfbmO_U_Vp79n0ulL06aZXo00QBfQ8RGGbrVbgTKLhMYiLXIIIZLSqZMD/s320/IMG_4494.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Three remaining tub toys from my original set
of four.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> In September 1994, I was surprised to see these
tub toys on the front page (photo below) of the American Geophysical Union newsletter <i>Eos
</i>(abstract: </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/94EO01056/full" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/94EO01056/full</a>)!</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmYVgH8pxFE9_3rlPUGp9lp4GLGeiuDeXS6uzJs5jrVZEt9cak2SjKxsu0Eja9h5hSztWJ3WMlpzqop9MNJ2FHEfM_OjFIc9dlZm4DzmE6x3y5kFkkg34EyaA93v1LjTyx8uXmbuuK7yr_/s1600/Eos94+Color.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmYVgH8pxFE9_3rlPUGp9lp4GLGeiuDeXS6uzJs5jrVZEt9cak2SjKxsu0Eja9h5hSztWJ3WMlpzqop9MNJ2FHEfM_OjFIc9dlZm4DzmE6x3y5kFkkg34EyaA93v1LjTyx8uXmbuuK7yr_/s400/Eos94+Color.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The featured <i>Eos</i> tub toys had enjoyed a
more cosmopolitan cruise venue than a bath tub, with about 29,000 of them
floating across the Pacific to the northwest coast of North America (Gulf of
Alaska) after the shipping container transporting them from their Asian
birthplace fell off the ship during a storm in January 1992 and broke open. The
full <i>Eos</i> article described their service to science tracking ocean
currents. The authors, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Ebbesmeyer" target="_blank">Curtis Ebbesmeyer</a>
and W. James Ingraham,
modeled possible routes from "deployment" to landfall and predicted
subsequent trajectories of duckies, etc that did not wash up on beaches. </span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parameters affecting the pathway include, of
course, ocean currents, plus "<a href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/windage" target="_blank">windage</a>": the air resistance or effect
of the wind on a moving object. Air
currents had a greater effect on the early movement of the tub toys since they
are light and ride high in the water. On the other hand, the Nike sneakers in
the <i>Eos </i>photo above, from a shipment lost in the Central Pacific in
1990, usually floated upside down with the sole barely above the surface of the
water. The higher windage of the tub toys increased their speed across the
Pacific after initial entry into the sea, compared to models for objects with
lower windage. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <i>Eos</i> authors discussed the several types
of planned and serendipitous ocean current trackers: messages-in-a-bottle
(MIB), flotsam, scientific drift bottles. About 2% of planned scientific drift
releases are recovered, so the ~400 tub toys recovered from November
1992-August 1993, and an equal amount reported subsequently, are the same order
of magnitude. However, the absolute number found was large since typical
scientific drift bottle releases at that time were usually only 500-1000
objects. For flotsam to be useful, their point of entry into the ocean must be
known so that they aren't confused with other shoreline trash. The Nike shoes
had unique identification numbers. The tub toys had no numbers, but from the
rather sudden appearance of all four plastic animal types on beaches along the SE
coast of Alaska, coupled with reports of the spill, confirmed the shipping
flotsam connection.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Computer models projected that, after 2 years,
some tub toys still at sea would enter the Bering Sea. Computer modeling of
trajectories in earlier years (back to 1946) showed that due to interannual
variability in currents, drift objects initially traveling eastward from the
central north Pacific reached a turning point close to the west coast of North
America, and then could go north, like the 1992 toys, and either circle
counterclock-wise around an eastern sub-orbit of the Subarctic Gyre or continue
west to the Bering Sea; go south and then float clockwise west towards Hawaii,
or not turn at all and head straight on for the coast. The <i>Eos </i>authors
speculated that some tub toys could eventually reach the North Atlantic though
a combination of ocean water and pack ice transport into the Arctic Sea through
the Bering Strait or traverse the Bering Sea and head south towards Japan.
Historic examples since the late 19th century of shipwreck debris or planned
bottle/container releases support both these long-term travel pathways
(<a href="http://oceanmotion.org/html/gatheringdata/flotsam.htm" target="_blank">http://oceanmotion.org/html/gatheringdata/flotsam.htm</a>).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">With additional co-authors, Ebbesmeyer and
Ingraham did a follow-up <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eos </i>article
in January 2, 2007
(<a href="http://faculty.wwu.edu/wallin/envr325/tubtoys_ocean_circ.pdf" target="_blank">http://faculty.wwu.edu/wallin/envr325/tubtoys_ocean_circ.pdf</a> or <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007EO010001/pdf" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007EO010001/pdf</a>) on the toys and
other cargo and natural flotsam looking at long-term trajectories. The speed of
tub toys travel had eventually decreased, after initial passage to Alaska, due
to decreased windage as the toys aged and leaked, barely floating above the
surface. Computer simulations were combined with flotsam reports from western
Canada and southern Alaska. In that period, the authors found toys had completed
up to four round-trips on various sub-orbits of the Subarctic Gyre.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOi0l9OcrSqT2aE-55H59WgiGpxHLz2OJtyV82wECO7UAeU6r-u_yjDVTkRRrPOuimUPECU6NIPr0VWNJZIWAeJNrHklIXiR18lIqiHncBBXZz-4D0vkUyhVgmIV0RlzycFv9jrjllc-vA/s1600/Subarctic+gyre+Eos07.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOi0l9OcrSqT2aE-55H59WgiGpxHLz2OJtyV82wECO7UAeU6r-u_yjDVTkRRrPOuimUPECU6NIPr0VWNJZIWAeJNrHklIXiR18lIqiHncBBXZz-4D0vkUyhVgmIV0RlzycFv9jrjllc-vA/s400/Subarctic+gyre+Eos07.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Subarctic Gyre and locations of various flotsam
releases and finds (<a href="http://faculty.wwu.edu/wallin/envr325/tubtoys_ocean_circ.pdf" target="_blank">Ebbesmeyer and others, 2007</a>).</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Flotsam study, of both planned and accidental
releases, is the research focus of the <i>Eos</i> articles' lead author,
Curtis Ebbesmeyer (<a href="http://oceanmotion.org/html/gatheringdata/flotsam.htm" target="_blank">http://oceanmotion.org/html/gatheringdata/flotsam.htm</a>).
For tracking specific flotsam debris, he uses reports from beachcombers (including
beachcombersalert.org which he founded), and solicited information using local
media, and beachcomber and lighthouse keeper networks and associations, an
example of organized citizen science data collection (another citizen science
example: <a href="http://app.budburst.org/web/budburst" target="_blank">http://app.budburst.org/web/budburst</a>).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So
WHY am I discussing <a href="http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/conflicts-in-chemistry/the-case-of-plastics/all-history-of-plastics.aspx" target="_blank">PLASTIC</a>
in this blog? The current feedstock for plastic is petroleum (mostly in Europe)
or natural gas (US manufacture), so it has a natural geologic carbon base.
Plastic, and “synthetic” fibers such as rayon or nylon, are synthetic meaning
that they are not naturally-occurring organic polymers (long chains of
repeating organic units) (<a href="http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/conflicts-in-chemistry/the-case-of-plastics/all-science-of-plastics.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/conflicts-in-chemistry/the-case-of-plastics/all-science-of-plastics.aspx</a>).
Even in its anthropogenically transformed manufactured state, plastic remains
part of the global carbon cycle, for better or worse.</span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-65186231113589201752016-02-15T14:49:00.000-05:002018-06-26T21:27:53.968-04:00Price of gasoline (and changes in other costs) during my post-college career . . . <style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We all have noticed that gasoline prices have plummeted in recent
months. Getting gas several days ago, ($1.65/gallon regular in New Jersey USA),
I noted to myself that, except for the oil price crash and immediate rebound in
December 2008, prices had not been this low since late 2006. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since owning my first car, a 1963 Volkswagen Beetle, in 1972-73
(my last year of undergraduate college), the price of gas at various times has
stuck in my mind, frequently related to career milestones. In the spring of
1973, the price of regular grade gas was ~$0.35/gallon. In late 1973, the price
rose to over $1 due to the Arab Oil Embargo in retaliation for US support of
Israel during the October Yom Kippur War. During that shortage, I luckily only
had to wait once in one of the infamous long gas station lines since, besides
having the fuel-efficient VW, I used daily bus transportation to get to my first
job, in Washington, DC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next gas price that sticks in my mind was in the summer of
1980 when I was driving 80 miles round-trip daily to my geology Master’s thesis
field area in central New Hampshire USA. I was mapping Siluro-Devonian
sillimanite-grade metasediments, and associated granites, as part of a revision
of the bedrock geologic map of New Hampshire, and now driving a 1967 VW Beetle
(green again). My transportation expenses were reimbursed, and I noted the
amount, total cost, and price per gallon in my field books. In June 1980, I
paid $1.25/gallon; in the autumn, it was $1.23/gallon. The historical charts
below, one for crude oil price and one for US gasoline price, show a peak in
prices during that time. In adjusted dollars, this was the highest crude price
before 2008. The peak in crude oil is in December 1979, but, while rising since
late 1979, the peak in the “price at the pump” is delayed until 1981. The
Iranian revolution and dramatic decrease in Iranian oil production was the
cause of the price increase in crude and refined products (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_energy_crisis</a>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioMWSAfeSKq0k4zLphClijwfUeJyswFEvTp7D5Fn9k5twkHgtAZtsatklG1hAsFBjknKkfrSinrVRG4d0s1zZ7qL2vrtgQTm0H3v7_ARU8SpPKe6QvbzRoK6anZ6PqjH04pmNH0Cel28J4/s1600/Inflation-Adjusted-Gasoline-Jan-2016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioMWSAfeSKq0k4zLphClijwfUeJyswFEvTp7D5Fn9k5twkHgtAZtsatklG1hAsFBjknKkfrSinrVRG4d0s1zZ7qL2vrtgQTm0H3v7_ARU8SpPKe6QvbzRoK6anZ6PqjH04pmNH0Cel28J4/s320/Inflation-Adjusted-Gasoline-Jan-2016.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-adjusted-prices/inflation-adjusted-gasoline-prices/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span>http://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-adjusted-prices/inflation-adjusted-gasoline-prices/</a></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1uhmb50Qz37JhdW1QUPVIfilwLeyYoxHCuIO95med8MpKdiRVi7J7dg7dY6VEE8PH5Ur3xNdEBQjwfPlfCnVfU0kwWuhTTp_vfeb3I7I9Y6TGzm7xc2oTWuzJedGe733uKe6avfbjcij/s1600/Inflation_Adj_Oil_Prices_Chart_650.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1uhmb50Qz37JhdW1QUPVIfilwLeyYoxHCuIO95med8MpKdiRVi7J7dg7dY6VEE8PH5Ur3xNdEBQjwfPlfCnVfU0kwWuhTTp_vfeb3I7I9Y6TGzm7xc2oTWuzJedGe733uKe6avfbjcij/s320/Inflation_Adj_Oil_Prices_Chart_650.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Chart.asp" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span>http://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Chart.asp</a></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When I eventually went back to graduate school for a Ph.D., it was
1993, and I was commuting 180 miles round-trip four days a week from my home in
Pennsylvania (PA) to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia
University, just outside New York City. (I certainly was not the only person
doing that daily commute: hundreds of people from eastern PA commute by car or
bus to NYC for work.) I would buy my gas a couple miles from home in New Jersey
where price of gas is historically a bit cheaper than Pennsylvania, and gas
stations are only full-service. (New Jersey and Oregon are the only US states
where self-service gas is illegal.) The general price was $1.15 - $1.25/ gallon
during my several years of commuting, not really different from 13 years before.
(I did visit Oregon in 1998, and the price there was notably higher : ~$1.80; I
don’t know if that is due to distribution costs, wages, or taxes.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From then until 2005, I don’t remember anything remarkable about
the price of gas, but on my way in fall 2005 to visit the site of the ICDP-USGS
deep drilling project into the moat of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, I
remember the gas price on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" target="_blank">Delmarva peninsula</a> was ~$1.80, definitely higher than NJ or eastern PA. The gas price chart above
shows 2005 was the start of the steep increase in crude oil prices, culminating
in the summer 2008. During that peak in gas prices, I was commuting 450 miles
round-trip per week from PA to the <a href="http://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank">US Geological Survey</a>, outside Washington, DC,
for my postdoctoral fellowship work (2006-08) on the Chesapeake Bay impact
structure, and eventually paying over $4/gal for gas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Before the recent fall in oil prices, in 2012-2013, the price of
gas was around $3.50, so a tenfold (10X) increase since $0.35/gal in 1973. How
does this 10X increase, compare to some other prices I can remember over the
same general period? (I am listing actual or nominal prices, not adjusted for
inflation.)</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In January 1968, my father bought a new Mustang convertible car
for $3200 (price remembered by my brother). In 2016, a Mustang V6 convertible
retailed for $30,045,
a 9.4-times increase. This is comparable to the 10X increase in gas prices over
approximately the same period.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My first apartment<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, in the R<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">iverhouse complex in </span>A<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">rlington, Virginia, was about $150/mon<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">th in 1973-74. Today the same studio ap<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">artment in the same building is $1429/month, a 10X incre<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ase.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My parents bought a house in 1971 for $90,000 (sold it in 1995); it
most recently sold in 2013 for $1,445,000, an increase of 16X. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The tuition at Dartmouth College for 1972-73 for one year was
~$3100; for 2014-15, it was $46,764: an increase of 15 times over that 42 years
before. The increase in these last two cases is similar, but both are more than the
10X increase in gasoline prices. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the other hand, looking at changes in salaries and wages is not
encouraging: </span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1973, for my first job, I was a Foreign Service Officer (US
diplomatic corps) earning a starting salary of $9500/year. Currently, an FSO just out of college
living in Washington, DC, would annually earn $60,646 (<a href="http://www.pathtoforeignservice.com/foreign-service-officer-salary-a-comprehensive-guide/" target="_blank">http://www.pathtoforeignservice.com/foreign-service-officer-salary-a-comprehensive-guide/</a>).
The increase is 6.4 times.<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The minimum wage in 1973 was $1.60 (<a href="http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/chart.htm" target="_blank">http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/chart.htm</a>).
Today it is $7.25, an increase of only 4.5 times. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With the information on the Riverhouse apartment vs FSO salary, we can also examine what portion of that income goes to housing now compared to forty years ago. In 1974, 19% of my income went to apartment rent; today, that portion (same apartment, starting FSO salary) would be 28%. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Admittedly, these price change examples are few. Other commodities
of daily living like eggs, milk, clothing are not included. My parents' house was in an
upscale suburb of New York City, Dartmouth College is a selective private
university, and, therefore, increases may not be representative. (And, I certainly am no economist.) But, these few examples of
relative increase in cost put some numbers on the feelings, despite recovery from
the Great Recession of 2008-09, of personal economic frustration in the US, particularly
the affordability of US higher education and housing relative to income. </span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-44578918939877940192016-01-01T21:09:00.000-05:002018-11-30T09:41:01.903-05:00Geology and Gerrymandering: Anthracite and Congressional district boundaries in Pennsylvania (Geosciences Congressional Visits Day postscript)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-format:other;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the last <a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2015/11/geosciences-congressional-visits-day.html" target="_blank">post</a>, I wrote about Geosciences Congressional Visits
Day, most recently held on September 30, 2015. My four-person Pennsylvania (PA) state
team's first visit that day was to the office of my Representative, <a href="http://cartwright.house.gov/" target="_blank">Matt Cartwright</a>, of the northeast PA 17th district. As we were waiting for our
appointment with a staff member, I was pointing out, to one of my western PA colleagues,
where I lived (Easton) on the big district map on the wall, and it became
apparent to me that the strange shape of the district encompasses most
of the PA anthracite coal fields. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvMTtFj-X09dUve3WXitv31HzyrjCIga_UCbHTE48pJL1Umon8g_KJ_EsqehmwSB-sM0MU5nVsUJ5jHyb6llzyV6zLbVsvOkYGBnQ9Pj7nyDQhfOrDU_tm83kLD6Yc3HgYbMQfZEWmk12y/s1600/Coal%252617thDistPDF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvMTtFj-X09dUve3WXitv31HzyrjCIga_UCbHTE48pJL1Umon8g_KJ_EsqehmwSB-sM0MU5nVsUJ5jHyb6llzyV6zLbVsvOkYGBnQ9Pj7nyDQhfOrDU_tm83kLD6Yc3HgYbMQfZEWmk12y/s400/Coal%252617thDistPDF.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Above I have roughly drawn the general outline of the district onto the
<a href="http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_016203.pdf" target="_blank">Coal Distribution Map of Pennsylvania</a>, which includes county boundaries. The cities of Scranton and Wilkes
Barre (Cartwright's home) are in the northernmost arm of the district in the
north half of the Northern Anthracite Field. The ENE-WSW spine of the district
skims along the north edge of the Blue/Tuscarora/Kittatinny Mountain ridge AKA Blue Mountain Structural Front (=
the southern border of the Valley and Ridge province whose Lower to Upper
Paleozoic strata were folded in the closing stages of the Late Paleozoic
Alleghanian orogeny) and encloses the Southern Anthracite Field. The Middle
Fields are mostly in the 11th Congressional district.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our district truly looks like a lobster, or eurypterid (the <a href="http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/fossil.htm" target="_blank">New York state fossil</a></span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), or a
salamander without back legs. That brings up "gerrymandering" (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ): the drawing
or partitioning of legislative district boundaries within a state to favor a
particular party or group of voters. Although it was practiced even before the
signing of the US Constitution in 1789, the term comes from 1812 when
Massachusetts governor Eldridge Gerry redrew state senate districts to the
advantage of the then-Democratic-Republican party: one Boston district's
outline resembled that of a sala-"mander". Despite the arthropodian
or reptilian shape of my district, it is certainly not the strangest: some
parts of some districts are connected only by narrowest threads of land (</span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/05/15/americas-most-gerrymandered-congressional-districts/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/05/15/americas-most-gerrymandered-congressional-districts/</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). Another article published later than the original posting of this blog (<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/13/this-is-actually-what-america-would-look-like-without-gerrymandering/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/13/this-is-actually-what-america-would-look-like-without-gerrymandering/</a>), and following the President's State of the Union speech request for thoughtful redistricting, includes a discussion on the pros and cons of computer-drawn districts, and includes an informative general video on gerrymandering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pennsylvania's federal Congressional districts were last redrawn by the
Republican-dominated state legislature before the 2012 elections.* The number of
districts decreased from 19 to 18, due to changes in population. The
redistricting pitted some incumbents against each other in the 2012 election.
It also eliminated some "blue-dog" Democrats, who sometimes voted
more conservatively but whose party affiliation benefited Democrat numbers in
the House (</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/blue-dog-democrats-trying-to-stave-off-extinction-following-pennsylvania-losses/2012/04/25/gIQAjUoRhT_blog.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/blue-dog-democrats-trying-to-stave-off-extinction-following-pennsylvania-losses/2012/04/25/gIQAjUoRhT_blog.html</a><span style="color: black;">). The only Congressional districts currently with Democratic
Representatives in Pennsylvania are around the big cities of Philadelphia (east)
and Pittsburgh (west) and my 17th district. Much like the national <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/23/upshot/50-years-of-electoral-college-maps-how-the-us-turned-red-and-blue.html" target="_blank">electoral college maps</a> after the 2008 and 2012 Presidential elections, the blue or Democratic
Pennsylvania districts cover relatively little geographic area, but have large
populations.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdMoHwq030kJEahKVqfgzc4Set-aS_j1Ni-67_1-Tezi_04sKoLHmnDhsp8QG8MTtNFPfaWu1F8Gfkz803doZEH-qJBFdJQVTU_UKyMfyzAzItQKUCVGeYsR_CRFjWWlOpC7lJcNKDOZwc/s1600/2012_Pennsylvania_congressional_districts_by_party.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdMoHwq030kJEahKVqfgzc4Set-aS_j1Ni-67_1-Tezi_04sKoLHmnDhsp8QG8MTtNFPfaWu1F8Gfkz803doZEH-qJBFdJQVTU_UKyMfyzAzItQKUCVGeYsR_CRFjWWlOpC7lJcNKDOZwc/s400/2012_Pennsylvania_congressional_districts_by_party.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">Pennsylvania Congressional districts (2013-2018) by political party
affiliation of Representative (red-Republican; blue- Democratic)</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania's_congressional_districts#/media/File:2012_Pennsylvania_congressional_districts_by_party.png" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania's_congressional_districts#/media/File:2012_Pennsylvania_congressional_districts_by_party.png</a>]</span> </span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most of the 17<sup>th</sup> district is geologically located in
the Valley and Ridge Province (and similar but <a href="http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/116/11-12/1499.abstract" target="_blank">anomalous</a> Lackawanna syncline of the Northern Anthracite Field). But Easton, where I
live, is in the southeastern “claw” or “foot” extending across the Blue Mountain
Structural Front into the Ordovician of the Great Valley province (see geologic map below). The Great
Valley carbonates (southern part of valley) and shales (north) are commercially called the
“cement belt” and the “slate belt” respectively, and in historic, but
outdated, geologic nomenclature were the classic miogeosyncline (platform carbonates)
and eugeosyncline (siliciclastic flysch) of the Laurentian margin. The Great Valley province, and
Easton, are generally bordered on the south by slivers of the pre-Cambrian
<a href="http://www.nj.gov/dep/rpp/radon/radoinfo.htm" target="_blank">famously-radon-rich</a> Hudson
Highlands/Reading Prong metamorphic/igneous rocks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0bs5NtphBwsLThWxOjX6VI6sLdQ0DvwY8eLMXXA2Hyr4ZnJwsnW86WM_IK4mwljzNqwIq_Qticx0ibCrETy9p5JdCTXgyRZEtR5tuWfckQdLeuUFKT0yWuyB_j8F708D2nxYwzHgdCLhT/s1600/PA+geoMap17th.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0bs5NtphBwsLThWxOjX6VI6sLdQ0DvwY8eLMXXA2Hyr4ZnJwsnW86WM_IK4mwljzNqwIq_Qticx0ibCrETy9p5JdCTXgyRZEtR5tuWfckQdLeuUFKT0yWuyB_j8F708D2nxYwzHgdCLhT/s400/PA+geoMap17th.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So redistricting removed my city, Easton (the home of <a href="http://www.crayolaexperience.com/easton" target="_blank">Crayola Crayons</a> and the championship
heavyweight boxer, Larry Holmes) from the rest of the Lehigh Valley (15<sup>th</sup>
Congressional district), with which it shares a common geologic setting and
commercial/ educational/ health care infrastructure and historic heritage.
HOWEVER, on the plus side, both districts do have representatives, <a href="http://cartwright.house.gov/" target="_blank">Matt Cartwright</a> (D-PA17*, my current district) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Dent" target="_blank">Charlie Dent</a> (R-PA15*; former district and Representative), that value
federally-funded STEM education and science research! </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* UPDATE: In early 2018, the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/02/19/pennsylvania-supreme-court-draws-a-much-more-competitive-district-map-to-overturn-republican-gerrymander/?utm_term=.4bed8d4d1595" target="_blank">Pennsylvania Supreme Court redrew</a> the state's <a href="https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/CandidatesCommittees/RunningforOffice/PublishingImages/2018_PA_Statewide_RemedialCongressionalDistricts.png" target="_blank">federal Congressional district map</a> to remove effects of gerrymandering. My small city, Easton, rejoins the rest of Northampton county and the geographic Lehigh Valley. With new logical east-to-west renumbering, we are now the 7th district while Matt Cartwright won re-election in the new 8th district. Our 7th district Representative, Susan Wild, is new to Congress since Charlie Dent did not seek re-election.</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9179050329168483043.post-9414670151758825622015-11-30T19:34:00.000-05:002020-02-11T23:50:40.953-05:00Geosciences Congressional Visits Day (Geo-CVD): Citizen scientists on Capitol Hill<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">An 2020 updated version of this post is at </span></i></b></span><br />
<a href="http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2020/01/geosciences-congressional-visits-day.html" target="_blank"><b><i>http://carbonacea.blogspot.com/2020/01/geosciences-congressional-visits-day.html</i></b></a> <b style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><i>. Much of the 2020 text is the same this 2015 post, but references to legislation specific to 2015 have been removed, links have been updated, and a few new insights have been added.</i></b><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The last week in September this year (2015), I attended the 8th annual
Geosciences Congressional Visits Day (Geo-CVD; <a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/cvd/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/sciencepolicy\.agu\.org\/cvd\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/cvd/</span></u></span></a>;</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <a href="http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/gvd/gcvd/GSA/Policy/CVD/home.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.geosociety\.org\/geopolicy\/CVD\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/gvd/gcvd/GSA/Policy/CVD/home.aspx</span></u></span></a>)
in Washington, DC. The purpose of Geo-CVD is to bring scientists to
Capitol Hill to emphasize to members of the US Congress, both in the Senate and
the House of Representatives, the importance of federal science funding,
specifically in the earth and space sciences. The US federal budget supports
basic geoscience programs and research directly in the work of various federal departments
and agencies (including but not limited to USGS, NASA, NOAA, NIST, DOE) and in
research grant programs to academia (the National Science Foundation: <a href="http://nsf.gov/" target="_blank">NSF</a></span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The participating geoscience societies include several <a href="http://www.americangeosciences.org/member-societies" target="_blank">member societies</a> of the American Geoscience Institute (AGI</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) plus the
American Meteorological Society (AMS). Societies will post announcements for Geo-CVD
on their website or sometimes by e-mail. Geo-CVD is two days every September. An
afternoon workshop is on Day One, and Day Two are the constituent scientist
visits to offices of Representatives, Senators and staff of various committees.
The workshop includes an overview of the legislative process including budget
and appropriations, overview of science funding and specific legislation of interest
to the geoscience community, the Message and “Ask” for the visits, and
the opportunity to meet one’s constituent scientist team for the visits.
Workshop speakers include professional society policy staff, and current and
past Congressional Science Fellows who give their advice, from the legislative
staff perspective, on a successful and productive constituent visit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some societies also offer a pre-CVD webinar for participants.</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Besides
background on legislative processes and what to expect of the event, the webinar
offers tips on what to bring for the visit. Business attire is strongly
recommended, which means, obviously, jacket and tie for men, even though DC in
September can still be steamy and warm. I smiled in agreement as I read Ryan
Haupt's <a href="http://thebridge.agu.org/2015/11/02/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing/" target="_blank">Geo-CVD blog post</a> description of the sweaty humidity on our visits day this year: it was spot on.
My Pennsylvania (PA) delegation was also sweated through, but suit jackets
nicely hide the evidence. Women's business attire can be a suit with skirt or
dress slacks, a dress, or blouse with skirt or trousers: channel the style of
newswomen or commentators on Sunday morning news shows, debate wear of female
presidential candidates, or, to echo Ryan's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">West
Wing</i> reference, fictional press secretary CJ Craig. The perennial
recommendation to wear comfortable shoes is no joke: "Did you know that
the city planners, when they sat down to design Washington, D.C., their
intention was to build a city that would intimidate and humble foreign heads of
state?" said fictional President Andrew Shepherd in <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112346/?ref_=nv_sr_3" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The American President</i></a>. The size and spacing of the Capitol and
flanking Senate and House office buildings is formidable, and, while meeting
schedulers try avoid multiple crossings of Capitol Hill in their appointment
flow, it sometimes can't be avoided. (This year, some women wore really
comfortable footwear between buildings and changed into stiffer stylish
business shoes before entering.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One “must-bring” is business cards. They are the currency of
meetings, many times the first thing exchanged just after formal greetings. I
noticed this year that a few Congressional staff members would line the cards
up in front of him/her on the conference table to keep our names front and
center during our conversation. I have attended five previous Congressional
Visits Days (2001, 2011-14) and have kept all the cards of staff members met.
While there is a lot of turnover among Hill staff (the average age is 26),
sometimes one will see the same staff members year-to-year. For example, this
year, the legislative aide we met in a western Pennsylvania representative's
office, was, as I knew from my card collection, a former aide for PA Senator
Patrick Toomey that spoke with our PA Geo-CVD delegation the last two years.
Pointing out our previous meetings was an icebreaker, and his familiarity with
Geo-CVD was appreciated. In both 2013 and 2014, we met with Senator Casey's
Legislative Chief of Staff: in 2014, he said something like "good to see
you again, MaryAnn" without taking my card first. Whether he actually
remembered me (probably not), or just checked his last year's notes and
business cards right before the meeting, I was flattered and impressed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another recommended "leave-behind" is a one-page summary
of one's own research or work, how it is impacted by federal science programs,
how it may be important to one's Congressional district/state, and what kind of
expertise one may offer to the office. For several years, I used the
Pennsylvania state geologic map postcards, gluing to the back a very brief
typed synopsis of my contact information, area of specialization, and past
research. (One year, a staff member said my previous year’s map card was on a
bulletin board: even if my information was hidden, geology of Pennsylvania was
front and center.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This year, I printed
out the one page <a href="http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_016203.pdf" target="_blank">Pennsylvania Coal Distribution Map</a> since most offices visited
were in traditional PA coal mining areas</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and then
printed my information on the backside; I had more space to list what agencies
had funded or supported my graduate school, postdoc, and other research. Our
Pennsylvania group also visited the office of a West Virginia Senator (one of
our group was a West Virginia University alumnus and had done consulting work in
WV) so for that office I put my information on the back of a <a href="http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/maps/MAP_WV2_GeneralizedGeologicMapCoalFieldsWVpagesize.pdf" target="_blank">WV coal distribution map</a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As mentioned above, the afternoon workshop importantly outlines
the unifying Message of the visits (quoted from our workshop material):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Strong and
sustained federal investments in geoscience will:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Support resilient communities</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Strengthen our global and economic
competitiveness</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Enhance national security</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Sustain a highly skilled workforce</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and from that "The Ask":</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Support strong
federal investments in geoscience research and education”. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Specific legislation of concern is also outlined in the workshop which
this year (2015) was the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2015 (<a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1806" target="_blank">H.R.1806</a>) and the House Commerce-Justice-Science Committee appropriations bill (<a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2578" target="_blank">H.R.2578</a>) that both include NSF funding levels. America COMPETES recommended levels of funding for several federal science
research agencies, while the appropriations bill sets the actual agency levels
for the coming fiscal year. In both, while overall NSF funding increased, the
funding level for the <a href="http://www.nsf.gov/dir/index.jsp?org=GEO" target="_blank">Geoscience Directorate</a> decreased from previous years. The
bills also set a precedent by specifying funding levels for science
directorates, rather than the traditional practice of allowing the agency (NSF)
to make decisions on internal directorate allocations. The House version of
America COMPETES passed in May 2015, before our visit, but the Senate version
had not. Therefore, in our Senate visits, we urged reconsideration of NSF
directorate level funding limits in their proposed legislation, while in the
House visits, we emphasized the same in the case that the bill goes to
conference: <a href="http://www.house.gov/content/learn/legislative_process/" target="_blank">“</a></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.house.gov/content/learn/legislative_process/" target="_blank">a conference committee made of House and Senate members works out any differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill. The resulting bill returns to the House and Senate for final approval.”</a> *<span style="color: black;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part of the reason for the decrease in geoscience funding was, as John
Holdren, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
(OSTP), said during a <a href="https://geosociety.wordpress.com/2015/11/11/white-house-senior-science-advisor-tells-room-full-of-geologists-that-they-rock/" target="_blank">special lecture at the 2015 GSA annual meeting</a> in
Baltimore, is </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Appropriation
bills to date reflect the apparent view of some in Congress that support for
Earth observations and geosciences equates to support for the President’s
climate change policies.”<span style="color: black;">
Therefore, one of our objectives on Geo-CVD was to emphasize the range of
fields and job opportunities under the umbrella of geoscience. The variety
within our Pennsylvania team was an excellent example: industry (two petroleum
consulting geologists), academia (me and a Penn State meteorology graduate
student), and government (my 2006-08 postdoctoral fellowship with the US
Geological Survey: Chesapeake Bay impact crater post-impact thermal study and
relationship to current groundwater quality). A letter from a consortium of
academic institutions and professional societies, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><a href="https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/about-ams/ams-position-letters/joint-letter-supporting-geosciences-research-in-the-america-competes-act/" target="_blank">The Federal Investment in Geosciences Contributes to the Nation’s Economic Competitiveness</a>,</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
to members of the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee, also
focuses on the range of impacts, including jobs, STEM education, hazards,
energy, from geoscience research. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the visits, scientists are organized in teams representing one
or two states, depending on how many from each state attend. For the five
Geo-CVD I have attended, the number of other PA attendees has varied from zero
to three, and the participants, besides me, have been different every year. The
afternoon workshop allows team members to meet each other and their policy
staff chaperone, get to know each other’s specialties, plan who will be the
lead speaker in each office, and practice or discuss what each person might say
or focus on. The teams are also given “leave-behind” folders with information on
the importance of geoscience, the highlight in 2015 being the AGI booklet, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.americangeosciences.org/sites/default/files/AGI_GeoscienceForAmericasCriticalNeeds_102315_WebRes.pdf" target="_blank">Geoscience for America’s Critical Needs</a>. </i>Besides our own research summaries, team members also added USGS fact
sheets and bookmarks and professional society information.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The role of the chaperones, which are policy staff of the
participating professional geoscience societies, is both subtle and critical to
success of the visits. Our contact this year (2015) was the Policy Communications
Adviser of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)** who had also
booked our Pennsylvania team’s Congressional appointments; I have previously
been with staff members of <a href="http://sites.agu.org/" target="_blank">AGU</a> (American Geophysical Union), AGI, and AMS. Frequently, the chaperone will
accompany the teams on their appointments, although this year, with more state
teams than policy staff and with two experienced CVD participants on our PA
team, we were unescorted. Chaperones help with directions to offices, schedule
maintenance, and sometimes gentle guidance of the conversation to make sure
nothing gets left out. In my first CVD in April 2001 (<a href="http://www.setcvd.org/" target="_blank">SET-CVD</a>), I erroneously structured
my delivery to lead up to the “Ask”, pointing out first how geosciences research
is important to Pennsylvania. In these meetings, which may be no longer than 15
minutes, there are no time-signal lights, as in a conference presentation, and
time can fly. I was the only scientist in this meeting with a staff member of
then-Senator Santorum and my AGI policy staff chaperone. As I was feeling
myself even getting a little bored with my own delivery and anxious on time, my
chaperone stepped in and masterfully guided the discussion to the “Ask” and
point of our visit. The structure of the visit, as emphasized each year in the
Geo-CVD workshop, should put the purpose (Message and Ask) first and up front,
like the opening of a newspaper article (who, what, when, where, why) and not
like an introductory paragraph of an essay or many science articles where one
sets the scene first, leading up to the thesis statement or “punch line”. And
with a group of scientists visiting an office, the team lead must get the visit’s
purpose/message/ask out first, efficiently mention their research (impact on
state/district and how the relevant federal funding is important), and quickly pass
the conversation on to other team members so everyone gets to speak. The first
meeting of the day may be less polished just because the team is developing a
rhythm and feel for time and content. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Congressional office visits are usually with legislative staff
members, rather than the elected official, although in a few of my past House
office visits, the Representative has been present. The Legislative
Correspondents or Aides may or may not be the staff member covering science or
energy, but they are the information gatherers who are conduits and
synthesizers of data on issues for the Representative/Senator. Some may just say
thank you at the end of the meeting, but others may have specific questions on
exactly how much funding or what specific action the team is requesting. In our
West Virginia Senate office visit this year, we were asked our opinion on ideal
interval (in years) for America COMPETES reauthorizations. We each had a
different suggestion, but did refer the office to specific policy staff members
of AGU and AAPG**, our personal host societies this year, who could provide a consistent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">community</i> response on that question.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An important purpose of any CVD is to offer oneself as an
information resource to the Congressional office. Over the last 35 years, the
number of scientists serving as Congressional office or committee staff has grown,
with increasing numbers of Congressional Science Fellows, former Fellows who
continue in legislative positions, and the occasional engineer/scientist who
has segued into a legislative staff career. However, the number is still small,
and having a state or district scientist as a direct resource, or who can refer
the office to another scientist with the necessary expertise, is a valuable
asset.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These face-to-face Capitol Hill visits should be the start of an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ongoing </i>dialogue on the importance of
federal science support. Congressional staff is very busy, have many topics or
issues to cover, and have visits with many other constituents and groups, so it
is essential not to let the topic of the importance of science to the National
interest fade. Any CVD visit should be followed up with a letter (e-mail is
preferred over snail mail with its physical security screening) thanking the
office for the visit, iterating "the Ask", the offer to be a resource,
and other points discussed. While it is recommended that one continue contact
with their Congressional offices, one does not have to do it each year in
person during Geo-CVD or other science CVDs. Continued dialogue (or any
outreach to members of Congress) can include written correspondence or in-state
district visits. Such communication can mention appreciation for relevant
sponsored legislation or voting positions, or a request for particular
consideration of new science legislation or issues of concern. I have not been
as frequent with that as I should, but a great resource for keeping up with
science-related legislation, funding levels, and talking points are
professional society public policy webpages (see the list at the bottom) or
policy news alert services (such as <a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/sign-up-for-agu-science-policy-alerts/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/sciencepolicy\.agu\.org\/sign-up-for-agu-science-policy-alerts\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/sign-up-for-agu-science-policy-alerts/</span></u></span></a>).
Sometimes a society may also have letter templates for a specific issue that
one can use as a base and then amend to make it more personal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are other non-medical/non-health-science Congressional
Visits Days through out the year. A general and large
Science-Engineering-Technology CVD (<a href="http://www.setcvd.org/" target="_blank">SET-CVD</a>) occurs every spring. Geoscience member
organizations for that event include AGI, AGU, and GSA, and one would contact
one of those organizations if interested in participating. A few earth science
societies, such as </span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/cvd/" target="_blank">AGU</a>, </span>also sponsor their own CVDs that focus on issues of specific interest to their members, in addition to
federal support for science agencies and STEM education.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For other stories on Congressional Visits Day experiences:</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://thebridge.agu.org/2015/11/02/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/thebridge\.agu\.org\/2015\/11\/02\/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">http://thebridge.agu.org/2015/11/02/visiting-my-legislators-was-a-bit-like-the-west-wing/</span></u></span></a>
(Geo-CVD, posted November 2015 by AGU)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://community.geosociety.org/blogs/elizabeth-goldbaum/2015/11/16/geoscience-and-public-policy" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/community\.geosociety\.org\/blogs\/elizabeth-goldbaum\/2015\/11\/16\/geoscience-and-public-policy\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;"><u>https://geosociety.wordpress.com/2015/10/23/mingling-geoscience-with-public-policy-on-capitol-hill/</u></span></u></span></a> (Geo-CVD, posted October 2015 by GSA)</span><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://community.geosociety.org/blogs/kasey-white/2016/05/11/a-student-take-on-congressonal-visits" target="_blank">http://community.geosociety.org/blogs/kasey-white/2016/05/11/a-student-take-on-congressonal-visits</a> (</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Geo-CVD, posted 2015 by GSA)</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/column/articleid/23609/wide-range-of-topics-covered-during-geo-cvd" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.aapg\.org\/publications\/news\/explorer\/column\/articleid\/23609\/wide-range-of-topics-covered-during-geo-cvd\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">http://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/column/articleid/23609/wide-range-of-topics-covered-during-geo-cvd</span></u></span></a>
(Geo-CVD, posted November 2015 by AAPG)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013EO190006/pdf" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/onlinelibrary\.wiley\.com\/doi\/10\.1002\/2013EO190006\/pdf\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013EO190006/pdf</span></u></span></a>
(SET-CVD, May 2013)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://tsop.org/newsletters/1999_2002.pdf" target="_blank">http://tsop.org/newsletters/1999_2002.pdf</a> (My summary of 2001 SET-CVD on pages 187-189 of this 320-page pdf of the
1999-2002 newsletters of The Society for Organic Petrology (<a href="http://www.tsop.org/" target="_blank">TSOP</a>- an AGI member
society, AAPG affiliated society))</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Earth Science Policy websites:</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American Geophysical Union- <a href="http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/sciencepolicy\.agu\.org\/\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><u><span style="color: blue;">http://sciencepolicy.agu.org/</span></u></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geological Society of America-<a href="http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/GSA/Policy/Home.aspx" target="_blank"> http://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Science_Policy/GSA/Policy/Home.aspx</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American Geoscience Institute- </span><a href="http://www.americangeosciences.org/policy-critical-issues" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.americangeosciences.org/policy-critical-issues</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Congressional websites:</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.congress.gov/" target="_blank">https://www.congress.gov</a> (where
one can look up the text and action on any House or Senate bill)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.senate.gov/" target="_blank">www.senate.gov</a> (Senate
homepage)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.house.gov/" target="_blank">www.house.gov</a> (House of
Representatives homepage)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*
UPDATE, January 1, 2016: On the December 18, 2015, the House and Senate
passed, and the President signed, the Consolidated Appropriations Act (<a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2029/actions" target="_blank">HR 2029</a>); NSF received $7.5 billion dollars with no legislative restrictions on individual directorate funding levels; summary at <a href="https://geosociety.wordpress.com/2015/12/21/geologists-can-breathe-a-sigh-of-relief-congress-passes-favorable-omnibus-appropriations-for-2016/" target="_blank">https://geosociety.wordpress.com/2015/12/21/geologists-can-breathe-a-sigh-of-relief-congress-passes-favorable-omnibus-appropriations-for-2016/</a>.
The success of keeping directorate funding decisions within NSF
reflects the tireless work of numerous professional science and
geoscience societies and institutions; Geo-CVD was one part of this
effort.</span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">** </span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UPDATE 2017: AAPG's DC policy office was closed at end of 2016 due to society budget constraints </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Besides participation in various science CVDs, Maryann’s science
policy or government experience includes GSA Geology and Public Policy
Committee (1986-88), USGS postdoctoral fellowship (2006-08), and Foreign
Service Officer, US Department of State (1973-76).]</span></div>
MaryAnn Love Malinconicohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08133975516934618576noreply@blogger.com2